Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2026)
J Environ Health Sustain Dev 2026, 11(1): 2915-2928 |
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Mugudamani I, Oke S A, Gumede T P, Ruzvidzo S, Mokgadi M I, Sesing M. Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater around Non-Engineered Landfill in Botshabelo, South Africa. J Environ Health Sustain Dev 2026; 11 (1) :2915-2928
URL: http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1018-en.html
URL: http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1018-en.html
Innocent Mugudamani * 
, Saheed Adeyinka Oke , Thandi Patricia Gumede , Silent Ruzvidzo , Majang Irene Mokgadi , Moeketsi Sesing
, Saheed Adeyinka Oke , Thandi Patricia Gumede , Silent Ruzvidzo , Majang Irene Mokgadi , Moeketsi Sesing
Department of Civil Engineering, Centre for Sustainable Smart Cities, Faculty of Engineering Built Environment and Information Technology, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
Abstract: (14 Views)
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the environmental health risks of heavy metal pollution in groundwater around non-engineered landfills in Botshabelo, South Africa.
Materials and Methods: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography were used to analyze heavy metals in groundwater collected during the dry and wet seasons. Ecological risk factors and potential ecological risk indices were used to assess ecological risks. A human health risk assessment method was used to assess potential public health risks.
Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals were as F(0.29) > Mn(0.24) > Al(0.08) > Ba(0.06) = U(0.06) > Mo(0.04) > Fe(0.03) = B(0.03) > Cr(0.02) = Cu(0.02) > Zn(0.01) mg/l and F(0.21) > Mn(0.12) > B(0.06) > Fe(0.02) > Al(0.01) mg/l in wet and dry season respectively. Generally, only Mn, Mo, and U were above the acceptable standards for drinking water. It was only Mo that posed a high potential ecological risk during the wet season, whereas in the dry season, all heavy metals showed low ecological risk. The potential ecological risk index revealed a significantly high and low ecological risks during wet and dry season respectively. There was a potential non-carcinogenic risk of Mo, U, and Cr during the wet season for all population groups. The study also revealed that Cr has an acceptable carcinogenic risk and no possibility of carcinogenic risks during the wet season for children and adults.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is potential heavy metal pollution of groundwater migrating from Botshabelo non-landfill.
Materials and Methods: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography were used to analyze heavy metals in groundwater collected during the dry and wet seasons. Ecological risk factors and potential ecological risk indices were used to assess ecological risks. A human health risk assessment method was used to assess potential public health risks.
Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals were as F(0.29) > Mn(0.24) > Al(0.08) > Ba(0.06) = U(0.06) > Mo(0.04) > Fe(0.03) = B(0.03) > Cr(0.02) = Cu(0.02) > Zn(0.01) mg/l and F(0.21) > Mn(0.12) > B(0.06) > Fe(0.02) > Al(0.01) mg/l in wet and dry season respectively. Generally, only Mn, Mo, and U were above the acceptable standards for drinking water. It was only Mo that posed a high potential ecological risk during the wet season, whereas in the dry season, all heavy metals showed low ecological risk. The potential ecological risk index revealed a significantly high and low ecological risks during wet and dry season respectively. There was a potential non-carcinogenic risk of Mo, U, and Cr during the wet season for all population groups. The study also revealed that Cr has an acceptable carcinogenic risk and no possibility of carcinogenic risks during the wet season for children and adults.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is potential heavy metal pollution of groundwater migrating from Botshabelo non-landfill.
Keywords: Groundwater Pollution, Public Health, Landfill Sites, Environmental Health Risk, Waste Management, Toxic Heavy Metals, Water Resources.
Type of Study: Original articles |
Subject:
Environmental pollution
Received: 2025/11/9 | Accepted: 2026/02/20 | Published: 2026/03/23
Received: 2025/11/9 | Accepted: 2026/02/20 | Published: 2026/03/23
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