Volume 3, Issue 4 (December 2018)
J Environ Health Sustain Dev 2018, 3(4): 630-636 |
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Pourgholi M, Masoomi Jahandizi R, Miranzadeh M, Beigi O H, Dehghan S. Removal of Dye and COD from Textile Wastewater Using AOP (UV/O3, UV/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3)
. J Environ Health Sustain Dev 2018; 3 (4) :630-636
URL: http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-151-en.html
URL: http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-151-en.html
Mehrangiz Pourgholi 
, Reza Masoomi Jahandizi * , Mohammadbagher Miranzadeh , Ommolbanin Hassan Beigi , Samaneh Dehghan
, Reza Masoomi Jahandizi * , Mohammadbagher Miranzadeh , Ommolbanin Hassan Beigi , Samaneh Dehghan
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Maragheh University, Maragheh, Iran.
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| Abstract (HTML) (6165 Views)
Table 1: Mean and standard deviation of dye and COD removal efficiency based on the type of process and time.
Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of dye and COD removal efficiency based on the type of process and pH.
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Removal of Dye and COD from Textile Wastewater Using AOP (UV/O3, UV/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3)
Mehrangiz Pourgholi 1, Reza Masoomi Jahandizi 2*, Mohammadbagher Miranzadeh 3, Ommolbanin Hassan Beigi 1, Samaneh Dehghan 4
1 Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Maragheh University, Maragheh, Iran.
3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
4 Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mehrangiz Pourgholi 1, Reza Masoomi Jahandizi 2*, Mohammadbagher Miranzadeh 3, Ommolbanin Hassan Beigi 1, Samaneh Dehghan 4
1 Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Maragheh University, Maragheh, Iran.
3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
4 Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| A R T I C L E I N F O | ABSTRACT | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE | Introduction: Textile industry effluent is a complex sewage with chemical and color materials that is discharged into the environment and can cause serious problems. In this way using advanced oxidation methods and finding the best methods for removing color materials is necessary. An experimental method was done on Kashan textile industry effluent in laboratory scale and batch system. Material and Methods: Initially, optimal condition was obtained for O3 and H2O2 and followed by advanced oxidation methods (UV/O3, UV/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3) in different reaction times and pH on dye removal and COD (chemical oxygen demand) were determined. The results were compared with complex repetition method. Results: The results of this research showed that dye removal impact and COD based on the type of process and reaction time in UV/H2O2/O3 by 30 minute time duration, was the most effective method. UV/H2O2 in 10 minute time duration was the least effective method. COD and color removal, based on the process in UV/H2O2/O3 and pH = 6 was the most effective. The effect of UV/H2O2 and pH = 4 was the least efficient method on dye material removing. Results showed that the treatment time was effective on color removing (P < 0/001) statistically. Conclusion: It can be concluded that UV/H2O2/O3 was the most efficient on color removing process, compared to the others, due to co-incidence presence of strongly numerous oxidants and their aggravating effect through producing active hydroxyl radicals (OH˚). |
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| Article History: Received:11 August 2018 Accepted: 20 November 2018 |
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| *Corresponding Author: Reza Masoomi Jahandizi Email: Masoomi_r@yahoo.com Tel: +989126721790 |
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| Keywords: Textile Industry, Sewage, Oxidation-Reduction. |
Citation: Pourgholi M, Masoomi Jahandizi R, Miranzadeh MB, et al. Removal of Dye and COD from Textile wastewater Using AOP (UV/O3, UV/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3). J Environ Health Sustain Dev. 2018;
3(4): 630-6.
3(4): 630-6.
Introduction
Nowadays, industries are developing so fast and attention to their environmental economic consequences is neglected. The sewage treatment should specially be done using different processes, such as using the chemical material and physical agent 1. Textile industries produce sewage which contains numerous chemicals material which are poisonous and resistant against biodegradation as well as stable in the environment 2, 3.
The most significant characteristic of textile sewage is its color 4. In textile industries, the process of dyeing and finishing generate a lot of sewage with a large amount of dyes 5, 6. Dyes are synthetic compounds which make our world beautiful, and their use is increasing 7. Moreover, they are organic compounds which are considered as one of the most significant chemicals used in industries such as textile, tanning, manufacturing of paper and so on 8.
Annually more than 10,000 dyes are produced in 7 ×105 metric tons, which are commercially available worldwide. About 15% of the dyestuffs are missed in the industrial effluents throughout the manufacturing processes. The statistics indicate that 100 L of wastewater is produced per kilogram of textile product that is equivalent to 3.7 million liters worldwide 9.
Discharge of these sewages into the environment causes disturbance of aquatic environment due to preventing the sunlight shining on them and slowing the process of photosynthesis, then threatening the aquatic plants and ecosystem totally 10. Dye compounds are usually made to resist fading while washing by soap and water or being in sunlight and this make them more stable against biodegradation 11. So, their elimination is necessary as a pollutant.
Dyes resist degradation, are chemically stable and non-biodegradable. They also have toxic and carcinogenic characteristics. Therefore, we need to design a proper treatment strategy to meet the pollution control requirements. The conventional treatment methods mostly include adsorption, coagulation, filtration and biological treatment. However, these methods are not so efficient because dyes are stable against biological degradation and this leads to sludge formation, membrane fouling and incomplete Advanced Oxidation Processes 12.
Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) is the most effective way in dye removal and the application of this process in wastewater treatment leads to the degradation of the pollutants rather than transferring them to another phase, making the relevant technologies effective in the omit of organic pollutants in solution 13. In this context, AOP has been recognized as an effective technology to obtain a full degradation of organic compounds and their intermediates, based on the active reaction of powerful oxidant species, such as hydroxyl radical (HO•).
Dye molecules under the action of such radicals can be easily degraded and reach a complete mineralization 14. AOPs processes use powerful oxidants (O3, UV, UV/O3, UV/H2O2, H2O2/O3 and O3 /UV/H2O2) for destroying organic pollutants in the presence or absence of sunlight 3, 15. The main advantage of this process is preventing the environmental secondary products formation which can be contaminant, removing the risk of increasing oxidant factors and high speed of processing and utilizing 16. Various studies showed that ozonation process can approximately remove 58% of dyes from raw sewage of textiles and 98% by using combined processes of UV, UV/H2O23. Another research done on the removing of textiles sewage indicated that the removal efficiency of dyes and COD are 91% and 82% by using oxidation process respectively 8. Another research conducted by Perkowski and Ledakowicz emphasized that advanced oxidation process can remove dyes completely 17. Since textile sewage dye is considered as the main environmental pollutant, this study has been done to use advanced oxidation process in dye removal from dying sewage. Meanwhile, the low cost, stability and high efficiency of the AOPs process compared to the other methods as well as advancing industries in Iran along with dying sewage were the main motivation for this research. The main goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of different AOPs: UV/O3, UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/O3 and O3/H2O2 in the treatment of a real textile wastewater in a pilot scale unit with compound parabolic collectors (CPCs), under natural radiation, and evaluate the influence of the main photocatalytic reaction variables of the most efficient AOP, in a lab-scale prototype in controlled conditions using artificial solar radiation 14.
Materials and Methods
This experimental study was performed at chemistry laboratory of water and wastewater in Faculty of Health in Kashan University of Medical Science. It was conducted on the sewage of Kashan textile industry in laboratory scale and closed system. Collected samples having 40C temperature degree were transferred to the laboratory and tested at 200C. The treating reactor made of Pyrex cubic form with 20 × 20 × 30 cm dimensions, containing an inner cubic with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 25 cm. The produced ozone was introduced into the reactor by a tube. In order to sewage irradiation, a UV lamp was set inside the container, which had 3 liters capacity of sewage sample. Magnetic stirrer was used on the floor of the reactor mixing wastewater mixture. A French ozone maker (ARDA) with a capacity of generating of 10.5 grams per hour was used. UV ray was radiated by UV lamp made in German company (NARVA) (NEF model- 125 watt). pH meter (Fanavary Tajhizat Sanjesh model, pH 262) was used to measure hydrogen ion potential of samples. For measuring color, (based on standard method, Book 212OC) 18, spectrophotometer (APEL model, PD-UV 303) was used. The method 522OC of standard book was used for measuring COD 18. Raw and treated samples color were measured by spectrophotometer at various 30 waves length which measured the density of transmitting light. So the removal efficiency of color at various condition was calculated by light transmitting. The method was followed by stages. At first, the optimized O3 and H2O2 were achieved for treating in UV/H2O2/O3 compound method, i.e. in pH = 10 and time duration of 30 minutes with changing H2O2, mg/l concentrations per a litter of wastewater between amounts of 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes and dosages of Ozone between amounts of 1, 4, 7, 10 g/h. 48 samples were collected through 3 repeated optimization. Secondly, treating wastewater at optimized conditions by considering Ozone dosage and fixed hydrogen peroxide concentration in 4 advanced oxidation methods including: H2O2/O3, UV/H2O2 and O3/UV/H2O2 in 10 g/h and 10 g/l were performed respectively. Also, UV had stable radiation during experiments. The experiments were carried out by repeating 3 times in four pH 4, 6, 8, 10 and during 10, 20 and 30 minutes’ time lapse for 4 advanced Oxidation methods that totally 144 samples were tested for each of 4 methods. For doing so, firstly 3 liters of the raw filtered sample were added to the concerned pH, and then purred into the reactor. Hydrogen peroxide was used by adding to the sample and stirring for 10 minutes. In the case of ozone treating, ozone maker started and oxygen tap was opened to produce ozone. In the experiment by UV treatment, UV ray was radiated to the sample above the reactor in a closed area. Then, the sample stayed under the hood until ozone was ventilated. In the last stage of experiment, the color of the treated wastewater color was read by spectrophotometer in 30 nm wave length. Finally, the obtained results were firstly examined by kolmogorov-smirnov according to normality and then their normal effects were analyzed by repeated measurement.
Results
The results from optimizing O3 and H2O2 for COD and color removing showed that the best dosage of ozone and concentration of hydrogen peroxide regarding their cost and efficiency for removing color and COD were 10 grams of ozone per litter per hour, and 10 grams of hydrogen peroxide per litter per hour respectively. The obtained results from textiles sewage by using 4 AOPs are summarized in tables 1 and 2, including: using four methods of advanced oxidation according to the type of method and time consumed. The efficiency of dye removal and COD based on the type of method and time lapse is shown in table 1 and based on the type of method and pH in table 2. In all methods, the amount of removal increased in proportion to increasing the treatment time from 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The relative amount of dye and COD, treating by O3/UV/H2O2 method was 89.2% and 76.7% respectively. The process of UV/O3 was the next which could remove 73.7% of color and 66.5% of COD from the sewage during the highest time duration. The third method, H2O2/O3, with the little degree of the previous method could remove 11.2% color and 66.5% COD. But the last method, UV/H2O2, had the least amount of removal efficiency, which is, 58.3% and 48.1% for color and COD respectively. As shown in table, 2, the most amount of removal was related to O3/UV/H2O2 in pH = 8 that has been able to remove 84.7% color and 76.5% COD while in UV/O3 that stands after the compound process, in pH = 8 had the most amount of removal equal to 72.5% for color and 69.4% for COD. H2O2/O3 had also a high amount of removal in pH = 10 by 71% for color and 64.2% for COD, where UV/H2O2 stood in the last place with pH = 4 that was able to decrease level of 59.4% and 49.5% for dye and COD in sewage, respectively.
Nowadays, industries are developing so fast and attention to their environmental economic consequences is neglected. The sewage treatment should specially be done using different processes, such as using the chemical material and physical agent 1. Textile industries produce sewage which contains numerous chemicals material which are poisonous and resistant against biodegradation as well as stable in the environment 2, 3.
The most significant characteristic of textile sewage is its color 4. In textile industries, the process of dyeing and finishing generate a lot of sewage with a large amount of dyes 5, 6. Dyes are synthetic compounds which make our world beautiful, and their use is increasing 7. Moreover, they are organic compounds which are considered as one of the most significant chemicals used in industries such as textile, tanning, manufacturing of paper and so on 8.
Annually more than 10,000 dyes are produced in 7 ×105 metric tons, which are commercially available worldwide. About 15% of the dyestuffs are missed in the industrial effluents throughout the manufacturing processes. The statistics indicate that 100 L of wastewater is produced per kilogram of textile product that is equivalent to 3.7 million liters worldwide 9.
Discharge of these sewages into the environment causes disturbance of aquatic environment due to preventing the sunlight shining on them and slowing the process of photosynthesis, then threatening the aquatic plants and ecosystem totally 10. Dye compounds are usually made to resist fading while washing by soap and water or being in sunlight and this make them more stable against biodegradation 11. So, their elimination is necessary as a pollutant.
Dyes resist degradation, are chemically stable and non-biodegradable. They also have toxic and carcinogenic characteristics. Therefore, we need to design a proper treatment strategy to meet the pollution control requirements. The conventional treatment methods mostly include adsorption, coagulation, filtration and biological treatment. However, these methods are not so efficient because dyes are stable against biological degradation and this leads to sludge formation, membrane fouling and incomplete Advanced Oxidation Processes 12.
Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) is the most effective way in dye removal and the application of this process in wastewater treatment leads to the degradation of the pollutants rather than transferring them to another phase, making the relevant technologies effective in the omit of organic pollutants in solution 13. In this context, AOP has been recognized as an effective technology to obtain a full degradation of organic compounds and their intermediates, based on the active reaction of powerful oxidant species, such as hydroxyl radical (HO•).
Dye molecules under the action of such radicals can be easily degraded and reach a complete mineralization 14. AOPs processes use powerful oxidants (O3, UV, UV/O3, UV/H2O2, H2O2/O3 and O3 /UV/H2O2) for destroying organic pollutants in the presence or absence of sunlight 3, 15. The main advantage of this process is preventing the environmental secondary products formation which can be contaminant, removing the risk of increasing oxidant factors and high speed of processing and utilizing 16. Various studies showed that ozonation process can approximately remove 58% of dyes from raw sewage of textiles and 98% by using combined processes of UV, UV/H2O23. Another research done on the removing of textiles sewage indicated that the removal efficiency of dyes and COD are 91% and 82% by using oxidation process respectively 8. Another research conducted by Perkowski and Ledakowicz emphasized that advanced oxidation process can remove dyes completely 17. Since textile sewage dye is considered as the main environmental pollutant, this study has been done to use advanced oxidation process in dye removal from dying sewage. Meanwhile, the low cost, stability and high efficiency of the AOPs process compared to the other methods as well as advancing industries in Iran along with dying sewage were the main motivation for this research. The main goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of different AOPs: UV/O3, UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/O3 and O3/H2O2 in the treatment of a real textile wastewater in a pilot scale unit with compound parabolic collectors (CPCs), under natural radiation, and evaluate the influence of the main photocatalytic reaction variables of the most efficient AOP, in a lab-scale prototype in controlled conditions using artificial solar radiation 14.
Materials and Methods
This experimental study was performed at chemistry laboratory of water and wastewater in Faculty of Health in Kashan University of Medical Science. It was conducted on the sewage of Kashan textile industry in laboratory scale and closed system. Collected samples having 40C temperature degree were transferred to the laboratory and tested at 200C. The treating reactor made of Pyrex cubic form with 20 × 20 × 30 cm dimensions, containing an inner cubic with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 25 cm. The produced ozone was introduced into the reactor by a tube. In order to sewage irradiation, a UV lamp was set inside the container, which had 3 liters capacity of sewage sample. Magnetic stirrer was used on the floor of the reactor mixing wastewater mixture. A French ozone maker (ARDA) with a capacity of generating of 10.5 grams per hour was used. UV ray was radiated by UV lamp made in German company (NARVA) (NEF model- 125 watt). pH meter (Fanavary Tajhizat Sanjesh model, pH 262) was used to measure hydrogen ion potential of samples. For measuring color, (based on standard method, Book 212OC) 18, spectrophotometer (APEL model, PD-UV 303) was used. The method 522OC of standard book was used for measuring COD 18. Raw and treated samples color were measured by spectrophotometer at various 30 waves length which measured the density of transmitting light. So the removal efficiency of color at various condition was calculated by light transmitting. The method was followed by stages. At first, the optimized O3 and H2O2 were achieved for treating in UV/H2O2/O3 compound method, i.e. in pH = 10 and time duration of 30 minutes with changing H2O2, mg/l concentrations per a litter of wastewater between amounts of 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes and dosages of Ozone between amounts of 1, 4, 7, 10 g/h. 48 samples were collected through 3 repeated optimization. Secondly, treating wastewater at optimized conditions by considering Ozone dosage and fixed hydrogen peroxide concentration in 4 advanced oxidation methods including: H2O2/O3, UV/H2O2 and O3/UV/H2O2 in 10 g/h and 10 g/l were performed respectively. Also, UV had stable radiation during experiments. The experiments were carried out by repeating 3 times in four pH 4, 6, 8, 10 and during 10, 20 and 30 minutes’ time lapse for 4 advanced Oxidation methods that totally 144 samples were tested for each of 4 methods. For doing so, firstly 3 liters of the raw filtered sample were added to the concerned pH, and then purred into the reactor. Hydrogen peroxide was used by adding to the sample and stirring for 10 minutes. In the case of ozone treating, ozone maker started and oxygen tap was opened to produce ozone. In the experiment by UV treatment, UV ray was radiated to the sample above the reactor in a closed area. Then, the sample stayed under the hood until ozone was ventilated. In the last stage of experiment, the color of the treated wastewater color was read by spectrophotometer in 30 nm wave length. Finally, the obtained results were firstly examined by kolmogorov-smirnov according to normality and then their normal effects were analyzed by repeated measurement.
Results
The results from optimizing O3 and H2O2 for COD and color removing showed that the best dosage of ozone and concentration of hydrogen peroxide regarding their cost and efficiency for removing color and COD were 10 grams of ozone per litter per hour, and 10 grams of hydrogen peroxide per litter per hour respectively. The obtained results from textiles sewage by using 4 AOPs are summarized in tables 1 and 2, including: using four methods of advanced oxidation according to the type of method and time consumed. The efficiency of dye removal and COD based on the type of method and time lapse is shown in table 1 and based on the type of method and pH in table 2. In all methods, the amount of removal increased in proportion to increasing the treatment time from 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The relative amount of dye and COD, treating by O3/UV/H2O2 method was 89.2% and 76.7% respectively. The process of UV/O3 was the next which could remove 73.7% of color and 66.5% of COD from the sewage during the highest time duration. The third method, H2O2/O3, with the little degree of the previous method could remove 11.2% color and 66.5% COD. But the last method, UV/H2O2, had the least amount of removal efficiency, which is, 58.3% and 48.1% for color and COD respectively. As shown in table, 2, the most amount of removal was related to O3/UV/H2O2 in pH = 8 that has been able to remove 84.7% color and 76.5% COD while in UV/O3 that stands after the compound process, in pH = 8 had the most amount of removal equal to 72.5% for color and 69.4% for COD. H2O2/O3 had also a high amount of removal in pH = 10 by 71% for color and 64.2% for COD, where UV/H2O2 stood in the last place with pH = 4 that was able to decrease level of 59.4% and 49.5% for dye and COD in sewage, respectively.
Table 1: Mean and standard deviation of dye and COD removal efficiency based on the type of process and time.
| Time (min.) | Parameter | Method | ||
| 30 | 20 | 10 | ||
| 73.7± 6.9 | 67.5 ± 3.3 | 62.7 ± 2.9 | Color | UV + O3 |
| 67.6 ± 3.9 | 61.4 ± 6.9 | 61.6 ± 8.4 | COD | |
| 58.3± 9.1 | 52.1 ± 11.1 | 40.7 ± 8.3 | Color | UV + H2O2 |
| 48.1 ± 6.5 | 44.5 ± 6 | 35.2 ± 7.6 | COD | |
| 71.2 ± 7.4 | 66.3 ± 6.6 | 58.6 ± 8.9 | Color | O3 + H2O2 |
| 66.5 ± 3.2 | 60.6 ± 5.4 | 55.3 ± 3.2 | COD | |
| 89.2 ± 4.3 | 81± 6.4 | 69.7 ± 6.9 | Color | UV + H2O2 + O3 |
| 76.7 ± 3.9 | 73.2 ± 3.4 | 69.7 ± 3.3 | COD | |
Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of dye and COD removal efficiency based on the type of process and pH.
| pH | Parameter | Method | |||
| 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | ||
| 68.9 ± 6.8 | 72.5± 7.6 | 64.3 ± 3.1 | 66.1 ± 5.1 | Color | UV + O3 |
| 65 ±5.8 | 69.4± 3.5 | 60.2± 6.7 | 59.4 ±7.4 | COD | |
| 42.7 ± 11.2 | 50.3 ± 13.1 | 49.1 ± 7.6 | 59.4± 10.6 | Color | UV + H2O2 |
| 34.8 ± 8.1 | 38.9± 4.2 | 47.2± 6.6 | 49.5± 5.2 | COD | |
| 71 ± 7.9 | 68.8± 7.5 | 62.1± 8.2 | 59.6± 9.6 | Color | O3 + H2O2 |
| 64.2 ± 5.3 | 62.7± 5.3 | 59.2 ± 5.6 | 57.1± 6.4 | COD | |
| 79.2 ± 10.3 | 76.3 ± 10.4 | 84.7 ± 9 | 79.8± 10.1 | Color | UV + H2O2 + O3 |
| 70.9 ±3.2 | 71.7 ± 3.5 | 76.5 ± 5.4 | 73.8± 3.6 | COD | |
Discussion
The Results of this research indicated that the O3/UV/H2O2 method is effective and preferable on dye removing and COD comparing other processes. The preference is observable in removing dye and COD based on the type of reaction and pH as well as the reaction time. In treating textiles sewage, the significant factor which must be effectively removed is dye material and COD. The obtained results indicated that O3/UV/H2O2 compared to other processes is the most effective in removing dye due to some potent coincident oxidant and their aggregative effect through the more production of active hydroxyl radicals (OH0). When UV is radiated to the sewage including H2O2, hydroxyl radicals are produced. They are strong oxidants, which easily oxides organic compounds 19. The high efficiency of UV/H2O2 process in pH = 4 of dye removing is refering to increasing hydroxyl radicals production in the low pH, hydroxyl radicals interact with organic compounds 20. In the methods, H2O2/O3, in higher pH such as 10, O3 converts to HO20 in presence of H2O2 which would be the starting point of more effectiveness. In acidic pH, H2O2 gradually reacts with O3 21. Ozonation and UV/H2O2 on sewage containing two dye materials - Blue 199 and Black 22–during 10, 20, and 30 minutes suggested that treating by ozone is more effective than UV/H2O2. So, low function of it in the reactor is due to short-term penetration of UV blocked by AZO color 22. Galindo and Kalt reported that the UV/H2O2 was the most effective on acidic environment (pH = 3-4) in removing color, which is similar to the present results 23. In a research by using of H2O2/O3 on sewage of dying industries, it was suggested that treating sewage by this process depends on pH of sewage. The researchers reported that 74% and 11% of ozone can be absorbed in pH = 11.5 and pH = 2.5 respectively 24. Attribution of the phenomenon to this fact is that the higher the level of pH, the more conversion of H2O2 to HO2 ions. Therefore, the amount of ozone analysis increases in proportion to the increase of pH which corresponds to this study. In a study conducted by Thanh and coworkers on removing non-biodegradable organic campers from bioreactor with membrane infiltration by H2O2/O3, indicated that the trend of oxidation with peroxide (H2O2/O3) removes 53% and 54% of dye in pH = 8.5 during 25 minutes and UV/O3 oxidation respectively 25. A research done by Yonar et al. on textile sewage, the best result for color removal was 99% and 96% for O3/UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2 during 60 minutes respectively. The optimal pH for the process UV/H2O2 was threefold. Treating by UV/O3 in optimal pH = 9 during 60 minutes was 98% degree in color removing 26. The study of Azbar and coworker on sewage decoloration of polyester and acetate fibers by using AOPS suggested that the maximum removal efficiency of color was 50% degree, in the case of O3/UV/H2O2, the best result for removal was 96% which corresponds to the findings of this study 27. Obtained results from the study of Perkowski and Ledakowicz on color removal in water solution during oxidation processes suggested that the highest efficiency can be obtained for color removal in O3/UV/H2O2 and the minimum efficiency is referred to ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatment. Perkowski research showed that the required time for obtaining 80% of decoloration was 55 and 42 minutes for UV/O3 simultaneously. In the case of UV/H2O2 treating during 30 to 40 minutes 50% of removing was observed. These results correspond to this study 17.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that O3/UV/H2O2 process used in this study is preferable compared to other processes in removing colors from textile industries sewage. The optimized pH for the process was 6 and the best reaction time was 30 minutes. Having low costs, not requiring expensive instruments and laboratory equipment simplicity of the process are the advantage of this method. Its application in different areas for preventing environmental pollution is recommended.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the research Deputy of Kashan University of Medical Sciences for their financial support and also the chemical laboratory personal of Health College who helped us in this project. This article is the result of a master's thesis in Kashan University of Medical Sciences.
Funding
The Results of this research indicated that the O3/UV/H2O2 method is effective and preferable on dye removing and COD comparing other processes. The preference is observable in removing dye and COD based on the type of reaction and pH as well as the reaction time. In treating textiles sewage, the significant factor which must be effectively removed is dye material and COD. The obtained results indicated that O3/UV/H2O2 compared to other processes is the most effective in removing dye due to some potent coincident oxidant and their aggregative effect through the more production of active hydroxyl radicals (OH0). When UV is radiated to the sewage including H2O2, hydroxyl radicals are produced. They are strong oxidants, which easily oxides organic compounds 19. The high efficiency of UV/H2O2 process in pH = 4 of dye removing is refering to increasing hydroxyl radicals production in the low pH, hydroxyl radicals interact with organic compounds 20. In the methods, H2O2/O3, in higher pH such as 10, O3 converts to HO20 in presence of H2O2 which would be the starting point of more effectiveness. In acidic pH, H2O2 gradually reacts with O3 21. Ozonation and UV/H2O2 on sewage containing two dye materials - Blue 199 and Black 22–during 10, 20, and 30 minutes suggested that treating by ozone is more effective than UV/H2O2. So, low function of it in the reactor is due to short-term penetration of UV blocked by AZO color 22. Galindo and Kalt reported that the UV/H2O2 was the most effective on acidic environment (pH = 3-4) in removing color, which is similar to the present results 23. In a research by using of H2O2/O3 on sewage of dying industries, it was suggested that treating sewage by this process depends on pH of sewage. The researchers reported that 74% and 11% of ozone can be absorbed in pH = 11.5 and pH = 2.5 respectively 24. Attribution of the phenomenon to this fact is that the higher the level of pH, the more conversion of H2O2 to HO2 ions. Therefore, the amount of ozone analysis increases in proportion to the increase of pH which corresponds to this study. In a study conducted by Thanh and coworkers on removing non-biodegradable organic campers from bioreactor with membrane infiltration by H2O2/O3, indicated that the trend of oxidation with peroxide (H2O2/O3) removes 53% and 54% of dye in pH = 8.5 during 25 minutes and UV/O3 oxidation respectively 25. A research done by Yonar et al. on textile sewage, the best result for color removal was 99% and 96% for O3/UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2 during 60 minutes respectively. The optimal pH for the process UV/H2O2 was threefold. Treating by UV/O3 in optimal pH = 9 during 60 minutes was 98% degree in color removing 26. The study of Azbar and coworker on sewage decoloration of polyester and acetate fibers by using AOPS suggested that the maximum removal efficiency of color was 50% degree, in the case of O3/UV/H2O2, the best result for removal was 96% which corresponds to the findings of this study 27. Obtained results from the study of Perkowski and Ledakowicz on color removal in water solution during oxidation processes suggested that the highest efficiency can be obtained for color removal in O3/UV/H2O2 and the minimum efficiency is referred to ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatment. Perkowski research showed that the required time for obtaining 80% of decoloration was 55 and 42 minutes for UV/O3 simultaneously. In the case of UV/H2O2 treating during 30 to 40 minutes 50% of removing was observed. These results correspond to this study 17.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that O3/UV/H2O2 process used in this study is preferable compared to other processes in removing colors from textile industries sewage. The optimized pH for the process was 6 and the best reaction time was 30 minutes. Having low costs, not requiring expensive instruments and laboratory equipment simplicity of the process are the advantage of this method. Its application in different areas for preventing environmental pollution is recommended.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the research Deputy of Kashan University of Medical Sciences for their financial support and also the chemical laboratory personal of Health College who helped us in this project. This article is the result of a master's thesis in Kashan University of Medical Sciences.
Funding
This study was funded by the authors.
Conflict of interest
There is not conflict of interest
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work for commercial use.
References
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11. Thakur S, Chauhan MS. Removal of Malachite Green Dye from aqueous solution by Fenton Oxidation. Inter Res J Eng Tech. 2016; 3(7): 254-9.
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There is not conflict of interest
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work for commercial use.
References
1. Daneshvar N, Salari D, Khataee AR. Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water: investigation of the effect of operational parameters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem. 2003; 157(1): 111-6.
2. Selcuk H, Meric S. Ozone pre-oxidation of a textile industry wastewater for acute toxicity removal. Global Nest Journal. 2006; 8(2): 95-102.
3. Muhammad A, Shafeeq A, Butt MA, et al. Decolorization and removal of COD and BOD from raw and biotreated textile dye bath effluent through advanced oxidation processes (AOPS). Braz. J Environ Chem Eng. 2008; 25(3): 453-9.
4. Muthuchamy M, Karuppiah MT, Raju GB. Electrochemical removal of CI Acid orange 10 from aqueous solutions. Sep Purif Technol. 2007; 55(2): 198–205.
5. Daneshvar N, Khataee AR, Djafarzadeh N. The use of artificial neural networks (ANN) for modeling of decolorization of textile dye solution containing C. I. Basic Yellow 28 by electrocoagulation process. J Hazard Mater. 2006; 137(3):1788-95.
6. Song S, He Z, Qiu J, et al. Ozone assisted electrocoagulation for decolorization of C.I. Reactive Black 5 in aqueous solution: An investigation of the effect of operational parameters. Sep Purif Technol. 2007; 55(2): 238-45.
7. Abo-Farha SA. Comparative study of oxidation of some azo dyes by different advanced oxidation processes: Fenton, Fenton-Like, Photo-Fenton and Photo-Fenton-Like. Am J Sci. 2010; 6(10): 128-42.
8. Rehman MSU, Ahmad N, Yasar A, et al. Application of H2O2 UV & UV/H2O2 systems for the post treatment of biotreated industial wastewater. J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 5(6): 1575-82.
9. Buthiyappan A, Abdul Aziz AR. and Wan Daud WMA. Recent advances and prospects of catalytic advanced oxidation process in treating textile effluents. Rev Chem Eng. 2016; 32(1): 1-47.
10. Solmaz SKA., Birgul A, Ustun GE. Colour and COD removal from textile effluent by coagulation and advanced oxidation processes. Color Technol. 2006; 122(2): 102-9.
11. Thakur S, Chauhan MS. Removal of Malachite Green Dye from aqueous solution by Fenton Oxidation. Inter Res J Eng Tech. 2016; 3(7): 254-9.
12. Asghar A, Abdul Raman AA, Wan Daud WMA. Advanced oxidation processes for in-situ production of hydrogen peroxide/hydroxyl radical for textile wastewater treatment: a review. J Clean Prod. 2015; 87: 826-38.
13. Krzemińska D, Neczaj E, Borowski G. Advanced oxidation processes for food industrial wastewater decontamination. Ecol Eng. 2015; 16 (2): 61-71.
14. Manenti DR, Soares PA, Silva TF. Performance evaluation of different solar advanced oxidation processes applied to the treatment of a real textile dyeing wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014; 22(2): 833-45.
15. Gharbani P, Tabatabaii SM, Mehrizad A. Removal of congo red from textile wastewater by ozonation. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2008; 5(4): 495-500.
16. Kos L, Perkowski J. Decolouration of real textile wastewater with advanced oxidation processes. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 2003; 114(43): 81-85.
17. Perkowski J, Ledakowicz S. decomposition of anthraquinone dye in the aqueous solution during advanced oxidation processes. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 2002; 68-72.
18. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American public health association American water works association water environment federation, Washington DC, USA, 1999.
19. Georgiou D, Melidis P, Aivasidis A, et al. Degradation of azo reactive dyes by ultraviolet radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Dyes Pigm. 2002; 52(2): 69-78.
20. Crittenden JC, Hu S, Hand DW, et al. A Kinetic model for H2O2/UV process in a completely mixed batch reactor. Water Res. 1999; 33(10): 2315-28.
21. Al-Kdasl A, Idris A, Saed K, et al. Treatment of textile wastewater by advanced oxidation processes - A Review. Global Nest Journal. 2004; 6(3): 222-30.
22. Huang CR, Lin YK, Shu HY. Wastewater decolorization and TOC-Reduction by sequential treatment. American Dyestuff Reporter. 1994;
15-8.
23. Galindo C. Kalt A. UV/H2O2 oxidation of azo dyes in aqueous media: evidence of a structure - degradability relationship. Dyes Pigm. 1999; 42(3): 199-207.
24. Arslan I, Isil AB, Tuhkanen IA. Advanced oxidation of synthetic dyehouse effluent by O3, H2O2/O3 and H2O2/UV processes. Environ Technol. 1999; 20(9): 921-31.
25. Thanh BX, Quyen VTK, Dan NP. Removal of non-biodegradable organic matters from membrane bioreactor permeate by oxidation processes. Journal Web Semantics. 2011; 1(3): 31-41.
26. Yonar T, Yonar GK, Kestioglua K, et al. Decolorisation of textile effluent using homogeneous photochemical oxidation processes. Color Technol. 2005; 121(5): 258-64.
27. Azbar N, Yonar T, Kestioglu K. Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes and chemical treatment methods for COD and color removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent. Chemosphere. 2004; 55(1): 35-43.
14. Manenti DR, Soares PA, Silva TF. Performance evaluation of different solar advanced oxidation processes applied to the treatment of a real textile dyeing wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014; 22(2): 833-45.
15. Gharbani P, Tabatabaii SM, Mehrizad A. Removal of congo red from textile wastewater by ozonation. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2008; 5(4): 495-500.
16. Kos L, Perkowski J. Decolouration of real textile wastewater with advanced oxidation processes. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 2003; 114(43): 81-85.
17. Perkowski J, Ledakowicz S. decomposition of anthraquinone dye in the aqueous solution during advanced oxidation processes. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 2002; 68-72.
18. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American public health association American water works association water environment federation, Washington DC, USA, 1999.
19. Georgiou D, Melidis P, Aivasidis A, et al. Degradation of azo reactive dyes by ultraviolet radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Dyes Pigm. 2002; 52(2): 69-78.
20. Crittenden JC, Hu S, Hand DW, et al. A Kinetic model for H2O2/UV process in a completely mixed batch reactor. Water Res. 1999; 33(10): 2315-28.
21. Al-Kdasl A, Idris A, Saed K, et al. Treatment of textile wastewater by advanced oxidation processes - A Review. Global Nest Journal. 2004; 6(3): 222-30.
22. Huang CR, Lin YK, Shu HY. Wastewater decolorization and TOC-Reduction by sequential treatment. American Dyestuff Reporter. 1994;
15-8.
23. Galindo C. Kalt A. UV/H2O2 oxidation of azo dyes in aqueous media: evidence of a structure - degradability relationship. Dyes Pigm. 1999; 42(3): 199-207.
24. Arslan I, Isil AB, Tuhkanen IA. Advanced oxidation of synthetic dyehouse effluent by O3, H2O2/O3 and H2O2/UV processes. Environ Technol. 1999; 20(9): 921-31.
25. Thanh BX, Quyen VTK, Dan NP. Removal of non-biodegradable organic matters from membrane bioreactor permeate by oxidation processes. Journal Web Semantics. 2011; 1(3): 31-41.
26. Yonar T, Yonar GK, Kestioglua K, et al. Decolorisation of textile effluent using homogeneous photochemical oxidation processes. Color Technol. 2005; 121(5): 258-64.
27. Azbar N, Yonar T, Kestioglu K. Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes and chemical treatment methods for COD and color removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent. Chemosphere. 2004; 55(1): 35-43.
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Received: 2018/08/11 | Accepted: 2018/11/20 | Published: 2018/12/20
Received: 2018/08/11 | Accepted: 2018/11/20 | Published: 2018/12/20
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