Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 4 2 2019 6 1 Water Transfer, A Solution for Water Shortage? 727 728 EN Masoumeh Khatebasreh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Maryam Gholami Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 4 2 2019 6 1 The Most Important Methods for Reduction or Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Food and Feed Matrices 729 730 EN Jalal Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 4 2 2019 6 1 Toxicity, Biodegradability and Detection Methods of Glyphosate; the Most Used Herbicide: A Systematic Review 731 743 EN Mohsen Ansari Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Samaneh Sedighi-Khavida Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Behnam Hatami Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch. Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran. Introduction: Glyphosate is known as the most used world's herbicides and contradictions exist over its classification as a probably carcinogenic for the human. This study aimed to review the newest evidences in toxicity, biodegradability and detection methods of glyphosate. Materials and Methods: To conduct this systematic review, databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched to extract studies on the non-target toxicity, biodegradability and detection methods of glyphosate from 2000 to 2018. The applied key words included glyphosate, herbicide, biodegradation, and bio decomposition. The number of articles retrieved and reviewed was 84 and 23, respectively. Results: Glyphosate could cause endocrine disrupting effects, dermal irritation, embryo toxicity, electrolyte abnormalities, apoptosis, cardiovascular collapse, teratogenicity, and mutagenic effects. High-performance liquid chromatography, UV-visible spectroscopy, gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, and ion-exchange liquid chromatography were techniques used for detecting glyphosate in soil and water. The biodegradation of glyphosate was performed by various bacteria and fungi microorganisms. Conclusions: Given the high consumption and low rates of biodegradation of glyphosate, more attention should be paid to its toxicity potential in the human's environment and health.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 4 2 2019 6 1 Spatial Analysis and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water of Abarkouh, Iran 744 752 EN Reza Ali Fallahzadeh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Seyed Ali Almodaresi Department of GIS & RS, Engineering College, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Davood Ghadirian Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Ahmad Fattahi Department of Occupational Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Nasrin Homayoni bezi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Introduction:  Several diseases, especially in infants such as some cancer and blue baby are related to the presence of nitrate in drinking water. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) specified the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of nitrate as 50 mg L-1 for regulated public water systems. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of nitrate and to assess its probabilistic risk exposure in drinking water wells of Abarkouh city, Iran. Materials and Methods:  The average annual nitrate level was studied from 18 wells around Abarkouh in 2017. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) was also investigated as health risk assessment and sensitivity analysis was carried out for effective variables. Results: Average concentration of nitrate was 27.57 ± 6.80 mg L-1 and all measured concentrations were below the permitted maximum standard (50 mg L-1) according to the National Standard of Iran. The HQ value for children and adults were more than 1 (1.81) and less than 1, respectively. In calculating HQ for children, the most important variable was the concentration of nitrate in drinking water. Conclusion: According to the results, children health is highly at risk in these areas and exposure to nitrate should be reduced for at-risk populations.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 4 2 2019 6 1 Investigating the Effective Ecological Factors on Concentration in the Classroom from the Viewpoints of Students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 753 762 EN Ameneh Marzban Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Vahid Rahmanian Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran. Masoumeh Seifi Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Saeedeh Zare Jamalabadi Department of Radiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Maryam Ayasi School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Samaneh Delavari Students Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Mehran Barzegaran Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. Introduction: Concentration is a definite prerequisite for learning the lessons in the classroom and education, ensures learning, and leads to academic achievement. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of studying the ecological factors affecting concentration in the classroom from the viewpoints of students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd in the academic year 2018-2019. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 650 students from six faculties of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, from 21 April to 20 June 2018. Participants were selected by stratified random sampling. Data collection tool was a standard two-part questionnaire consisting of 29 questions about demographic characteristics and ecological factors influencing the concentration.  The data were analyzed by SPSS 24 using central tendency indices, t-test and chi-squared test. Results: In the domain of the teacher, "Teacher's skills in creating motivation” (4.21 ± 1.54), in the domain of the student, “Interest in the subject of study” (3.99 ± 1.51), and in the domain of environment, ​​"Noise pollution in the classroom” (3.11 ± 1.33), attained the highest score among ecological factors related to concentration in the classroom. There was a significant difference in the mean score of viewpoints in the domain of environment between male and female students (P = 0.00). Conclusion: The results showed that paying attention to the three factors motivation, interest in the subject of study and relaxation in the classroom environment, which attained the highest scores according to the students' viewpoints, is essential to the educational planning by the University's Education Deputy authorities.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 4 2 2019 6 1 The Interaction between Industries and Executive Agencies (The Department of Environment and Administration of Economic and Finance) to Reduce Pollution: A Qualitative Study 763 775 EN Mohsen Pakdaman Health Policy and Management Research Center, Department of Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Samaneh Khademi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Hosien Zareian Administration of Economic and Finance, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohamadali Morovati Shrifabadi Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Introduction: Nowadays, the appropriate selection of environmental instruments is considered a political priority in most countries. Given that one of the most important environmental tools in recent years to counteract industrial pollution has been levying green tax on polluting industries, the present study aims to identify interactive factors affecting the enforcement of green taxes between executive agencies [Department of Environment and Administration of Economic and Finance] and industries to reduce pollution. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, 13 participants from the DOE, MEFA and Deputy of Industries’ Affairs of Yazd were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then analyzed in the MAXQDA10 software by content analysis method. Results: From our data analysis, two main categories executive organizations and industries were drawn, which included 8 sub-categories tax justice, tax culture development, tax determination and tax collection, weak tax systems, tax laws, tax penalties, tax incentives and adoption of an environmental framework by the industry. Conclusion: Reforming the environmental laws, approaches and policies, emphasizing education to develop the culture of tax payment, avoiding unilateralism in enforcing environmental policies and enhancing incentive policies seem essential.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 4 2 2019 6 1 Explanation and Analysis of the Interaction between Environmental Health Officers and Directors of Food Preparation, Supply and Distribution Centers Based on Game Theory Model in Yazd 776 790 EN Mohsen Pakdaman Health Policy and Management Research Center, Department of Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Vahid Jafari Nodoshan College of Environment and Energy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Ebrahim Gholami Zarchi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohamad Hasan Lotfi Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Introduction: Health monitoring and control of food preparation, supply and distribution centers are the responsibility of environmental health officers. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the interaction between environmental health officers and providers of food preparation based on the game theory model. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytical study in which after the determination of effective factors on the interaction between officers and directors, the so-called 22 games were designed and for each game four behavioral strategies determined and strategies identified as a two-choice I agree, I disagree questionnaire provided to environmental health officers and directors of food preparation, centers to select their desired strategy.. In the quantitative phase, SPSS 22 was used to analyze the data collected by questionnaires in order to determine the percentage of response frequency to each question. Gambit software was used to analyze for determination Nash equilibrium of any Games. Results: In the present study, the factors affecting the interaction between environmental health officers and directors were categorized to 24 subcategories assigned to six categories, and in the quantitative phase, finally, 22 dominant behavior strategies were identified and the final benefit percentage of each actor was determined. Conclusion: Investigating selected strategies by directors suggests that there is a good fit between the rules and health behaviors among the directors. The emphasis on health inspection based on education and counseling and lack of acceptance of the activities of health self-reported companies by the directors and officers are the most important outcomes of this study.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 4 2 2019 6 1 Evaluating the Effects of Peracetic Acid and Chlorine Dioxide Disinfectants on Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Surfaces of NICU 791 797 EN Mina Usefi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Hengameh Zandi Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Sara Jambarsang Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mehdi Mokhtari Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mahmood Noori Shadkam Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Introduction: Today, disinfection of surfaces by using antimicrobial agents is critical for the prevention and control of pathogens and reduction of infection in hospital. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of two disinfectants against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the NICU of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital of Yazd in 2017. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, bacterial culture of samples collected from different surfaces of the NICU and S. aureus isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests. Peracetic acid and chlorine dioxide various concentrations were used as disinfectants. Their effects against Staphylococcus aureus were determined by Standard disc diffusion method. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models in SPSS version 23. Results: 39.39% of samples were found to be S. aureus infected. The mean diameter of growth inhibition zone for peracetic acid 0.1% was significantly lower than that for peracetic acid 0.2%, and peracetic acid 0.1% was significantly higher than that for chlorine dioxide (P < 0.001). The comparison of growth inhibition zone diameters for peracetic acid 0.1% and chlorine dioxide disinfectants showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone created by peracetic acid 0.1% was significantly higher than that created by chlorine dioxide. The most effective disinfectant on S. aureus strains isolated was peracetic acid 0.2% and the least effective disinfectant was chlorine dioxide. Conclusion: In health care facilities with S. aureus infection, peracetic acid 0.2% can be used effectively to reduce nosocomial infection rate.