Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 3 4 2018 12 1 Municipal Sewage Sludge to Biodiesel as a Promising Renewable Fuel for the Future of Energy 616 617 EN Behnam Hatami Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Samaneh Sedighi Khavidak Department of Biology, Khoramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoramabad, Iran. This article has no abstract.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 3 4 2018 12 1 The Importance of Using Molecular Techniques in Controlling the Quality of Meat Products 618 620 EN Saeedeh Sadat Hosseini Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mehrnoosh Shirdeli Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. This article has no abstract.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 3 4 2018 12 1 Impacts of Artisanal Gold Mining on Water Quality: A Case Study of Tangandougou Commune in Sikasso Region, Mali 621 629 EN Mahamadou Moussa Keita Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, Nakuru, Kenya. George Morara Ogendi Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, Nakuru, Kenya. George Owuor Department of Agricultural Economics and Business Management, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, Nakuru, Kenya. Wycliff N. Nyamao Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, Nakuru, Kenya. Introduction: Unsustainable natural resources utilization is on the increase in the developing countries thus the ability of many local communities to meet their basic needs including food, water and shelter is jeopardized. Uncontrolled gold-mining in Sikasso region is one such an anthropogenic activity that is of great environmental concern to the local and national governments of Mali owing to its potential impacts on water quality, human health and environment. This study was conceived to assess the impacts of artisanal gold mining on water quality in Tangandougou in Sikasso region of Mali. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, water samples were collected, processed and analyzed for heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic) according to APHA protocols. Measurements of physical parameters of water quality were done according to APHA protocols. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: There were no significant spatial differences in physical and chemical parameters (pH, Temperature, Conductivity, total dissolved solids and Salinity) of water quality amongst the sampling sites. However, the heavy metals concentrations in the sampled water exceeded WHO drinking water quality guidelines. Conclusion: It was concluded that the water of Sankarani River and its tributaries is contaminated and may cause adverse effects on human health due to biomagnification and the bioaccumulative nature of heavy metals. Therefore, the study recommends continuous monitoring of the water quality in all water sources adjacent to gold-mining areas to protect human and environmental health.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 3 4 2018 12 1 Removal of Dye and COD from Textile Wastewater Using AOP (UV/O3, UV/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3) 630 636 FA Mehrangiz Pourgholi Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Reza Masoomi Jahandizi Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Maragheh University, Maragheh, Iran. Mohammadbagher Miranzadeh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Ommolbanin Hassan Beigi Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Samaneh Dehghan Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: Textile industry effluent is a complex sewage with chemical and color materials that is discharged into the environment and can cause serious problems. In this way using advanced oxidation methods and finding the best methods for removing color materials is necessary. An experimental method was done on Kashan textile industry effluent in laboratory scale and batch system. Material and Methods: Initially, optimal condition was obtained for O3 and H2O2 and followed by advanced oxidation methods (UV/O3, UV/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3) in different reaction times and pH on dye removal and COD (chemical oxygen demand) were determined. The results were compared with complex repetition method. Results: The results of this research showed that dye removal impact and COD based on the type of process and reaction time in UV/H2O2/O3 by 30 minute time duration, was the most effective method. UV/H2O2 in 10 minute time duration was the least effective method. COD and color removal, based on the process in UV/H2O2/O3 and pH = 6 was the most effective. The effect of UV/H2O2 and pH = 4 was the least efficient method on dye material removing. Results showed that the treatment time was effective on color removing (P < 0/001) statistically. Conclusion: It can be concluded that UV/H2O2/O3 was the most efficient on color removing process, compared to the others, due to co-incidence presence of strongly numerous oxidants and their aggravating effect through producing active hydroxyl radicals (OH˚).

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 3 4 2018 12 1 Apprise of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Residential Houses of Citizens of Yazd City and Determination of Their Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Electronic and Electrical Waste Management 637 644 FA Mahboubeh Davoudi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Zohreh Rahaei Department of Health Education, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Farimah Shamsi Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mansoreh Ghaznavi Yazdi Department of Health Education, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Marziyeh Mirshamsi Department of Health Education, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mehran Abtahi Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France. Roya Malekahmadi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Introduction: The production of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has grown rapidly in recent years. It is necessary to determine the amount of them for its effective management. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of WEEE stored in the houses of Yazd citizens and the level of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of citizens regarding WEEE management. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out using random sampling on 300 Yazdian citizens. To determine the amount of WEEE stored in houses and the level of KAP of people regarding WEEE, was used a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed and data analysis was performed using nonparametric tests in SPSS. Results: The amount of WEEE in the study population was 21.8 metric tons was obtained. Of these, the highest amount of waste was related to the refrigerator with 3.9 metric tons and the highest number of used equipment stored was related to cell phone, with 285 units. The levels of knowledge (with a mean score of 5.06 ± 2.5), attitude (with a mean score of 43.37 ± 5.21), and practice (with a mean score of 10.71 ± 2.95) were respectively in moderate, good and moderate conditions. Conclusion: Given planning by the Waste Organization leads to job creation, access to valuable raw materials, and environmental protection. With increasing knowledge about the proper use of electronic and electrical equipment, their useful life can be increased and the process of their conversion to waste can be extended.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 3 4 2018 12 1 Cost- Effectiveness Analysis of Infectious Waste Treatment Devices in Hospital 645 649 EN Maryam Khashij Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohsen Pakdaman Department of Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Mehralian Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mehran Abtahi Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France. Mehdi Mokhtari Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Introduction: Today, the infectious wastes of hospitals are considered as a public health problem. Considering the huge amounts of hazardous wastes and the disadvantages of incinerators, we need to investigate the non-combustible devices involved in biochemical treatment. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the cost-effectiveness of infectious wastes devices. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and economic efficiency of the infectious waste devices in Yazd and Isfahan hospitals.  In this study, the total cost of infectious waste treatment systems in hospitals, the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), as well as the sensitivity rate for the reduction of infectious wastes were calculated using Treeage software version 2011. In order to calculate the cost effectiveness using the total cost and the amount of produced waste, we applied the discount rate of five percent and the useful life of 10 years for each device. Results: Based on the results, devices A and F had the highest and the lowest total cost, respectively. In addition, autoclave D with an ICER of 257.20 was more cost effective than other devices. So, device D, with a discount rate of ±5 and a range of 244.244 - 270.06 was chosen as the best option for infectious waste disposal. Conclusion: The results can be used to explore and outline the future prospects for choosing the best technology for treatment of infectious waste in hospitals. In other words, we have different options on different circumstances and occasions.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 3 4 2018 12 1 Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Women Regarding Health Hazards and Proper Methods of Storage and Use of Pesticides at Home in Abarkouh 650 658 EN Maryam Gholami Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Abarkouh Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Behzad Jamshidi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Mahboobeh Dehvari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Elham Madreseh Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Zali Chelkhaneh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Abarkouh Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mahsa Mossavi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Abarkouh Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Marzieh Akbari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Abarkouh Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Introduction: A large amount of pesticides is used worldwide in different locations including homes. Considering that using pesticides in the home is mainly done by women, this study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of women regarding health hazards and proper methods of storage and use of pesticides in the home in Abarkouh. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, data were collected using cluster sampling and questionnaire by interviewing 210 eligible women in households. The questionnaire was included demographic information (age, education level, field of study, occupation, type of home), as well as knowledge, attitudes and practices of women. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been confirmed in previous studies. Data were analyzed by SPSS using nonparametric tests. Results: According to results, the mean score of attitude among different academic disciplines was statistically significantly (p = 0.049). In addition, there was a significant relationship between attitude score with practice (p = 0.003) and knowledge (p < 0.0001) scores. Conclusion: Considering the fact that people's knowledge about this subject was moderate, their knowledge should be increased to make their attitude and practice more desirable.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 3 4 2018 12 1 Evaluation of Iodine in Distributed Salts in Abarkouh City in 2017-2018 659 665 FA Mahrokh Jalili Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Fariba Abbasi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of medical science, Shiraz, Iran. Hadi Eslami Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sceiences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Reza Ali Fallahzadeh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Mehrnosh Shirdeli Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Fereshteh Molavi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Introduction: Iodine deficiency and associated disorders, which lead to a wide range of clinical manifestations, have been raised as one of the health and nutritional problems in Iran. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the amount of iodine in distributed salts in Abarkouh city in 2017-2018. Materials and Methods: Random sampling was done by census on all 30 distributed brands in Abarkouh city in the different stores across the city. Sixty samples (30 samples after one month from the production date and 30 samples after 6 months from the production date) were collected and transferred to the laboratory. The measurement of iodine was done according to the British Pharmacopoeia recommended method. T-test was used to analyze the data. Results: The Mean iodine concentration in the salts supplied in the Abarkouh was 29.83 ± 19.9 ppm, which was 50% less than the Iran's standard, with a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.001). 66.6% of the studied brands did not contain adequate iodine. Six months after production date, the average iodine amount in salts was reduced to 24.26 ± 16.94 ppm, but the reduction was not statistically significant (P = 0.224). Conclusion: Average iodine amount in most of the salts supplied across the Abarkouh city was not acceptable and some salts lacked iodine. Therefore, careful and continuous supervision and monitoring the process of iodized salts production in factories is recommended.