Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 10 1 2025 3 1 Brine Water Management of Reverse Osmosis 2480 2482 EN Seyedeh Mahtab Pormazar Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran smp.mahtab@gmail.com N 0000-0002-8017-7505 Arash Dalvand Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran arash.dalvand@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-6131-2169 10.18502/jehsd.v10i1.18294 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-849-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-849-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 10 1 2025 3 1 Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics on Inflammatory and Antioxidant Gene Expression in the Gastrointestinal System 2483 2486 EN Nayereh Rezaie Rahimi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran s.rezaie51@gmail.com N 0000-0002-5306-1427 Mansooreh Dehghani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran mandehghani@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-7944-8403 Reza Fouladi-Fard Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran rezafd@yahoo.com Y 0000-0002-7407-645X 10.18502/jehsd.v10i1.18295 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-878-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-878-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 10 1 2025 3 1 Microplastics Origins and Risks: A Methodological Protocol for Source Identification, Apportionment, and Environmental Risk Assessment in Ahvaz Metropolis, Iran 2487 2498 EN Neda Kaydi Environmental Technologies Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran neda_kaydi@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-7308-5215 Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie Environmental Technologies Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran m.khafaie@live.com N 0000-0002-1651-3017 Sahand Jorfi Environmental Technologies Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran sahand369@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-2505-7356 Afshin Takdastan Environmental Technologies Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran afshintakdastan@gmail.com N 0000-0002-0419-1698 Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh Haghighifard Environmental Technologies Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran n.jaafarzade@gmail.com Y 0000-0003-1172-4277 10.18502/jehsd.v10i1.18296 Introduction: Airborne microplastics (MPs) pollution poses substantial risks to environmental and human health. This research protocol outlines a framework for investigating airborne MPs in Ahvaz, Iran, with objectives including their identification, characterization, and source attribution using chemical signature tracing and receptor modeling. Methods and Analysis: The study employs a dual approach of passive and active sampling supported by laboratory analysis and multivariate modeling. Sampling locations were selected to represent diverse urban settings, ensuring comprehensive spatial coverage and data reliability. The protocol included meticulous sample collection, volume estimation, and laboratory analysis to ensure the accurate identification and assessment of MPs pollution. Expected Outcomes: This protocol aims to reveal types, distribution, sources, and potential health risks of airborne MPs in Ahvaz. Insights provided strategies to mitigate MPs emissions in urban areas and a foundation for future research.   Microplastics, Airborne Particulate Matter, Environmental Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Urban Pollution,Ahvaz City, Iran. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-783-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-783-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 10 1 2025 3 1 Exponential Global Health Hazards of Pharmaceutical Pollution and Its Preventive Measures: A Comprehensive Review 2499 2520 EN Renu Tushir Department of Pharmacy, SMAS, Galgotias University, Plot No. 2, Sector 17-A, Yamuna Expressway, Greater Noida-201310, Uttar Pradesh, India renutushir8@gmail.com N Sanjita Das Department of Pharmacy, SMAS, Galgotias University, Plot No. 2, Sector 17-A, Yamuna Expressway, Greater Noida-201310, Uttar Pradesh, India sanjita8@yahoo.co.in Y 0000-0002-9863-9341 Ajesh Chauhan Hindu College of Pharmacy, PT. BD. Sharma University, Rohtak, India ajeshchauhan1996@gmail.com N Saurav Gurjar Department of Cardiovascular Technology, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-203201, India sauravgurjar92@gmail.com N Lakshay Bhanwala RSM College of Pharmacy, PT. BD. Sharma University, Panipat-132103, India lakshyabhanwala@gmail.com N Sneha Patnaik Department of Physiotherapy, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India N 0009-0007-9857-2478 Anushka Jain Department of Pharmacy, SMAS, Galgotias University, Plot No. 2, Sector 17-A, Yamuna Expressway, Greater Noida-201310, Uttar Pradesh, India N 0009-0006-6104-6311 10.18502/jehsd.v10i1.18298 Introduction: Antimicrobial agents from different categories like antibiotics, anti-parasitic agents, and other agents such as Xeno (estrogens) can exert some intimidating effects on the environment that can be ecotoxicological as well. Disposal of chemicals in the form of drugs in various water bodies such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and commonly used drinking water might cause potential health damage to human, animal, and aquatic life via environmental pollution. Thus, production of such waste requires proper disposal and supervision, which might be a hurdle for the medical personnel, city administrators, workers working in the industry involved in recycling, and planners of policies. Materials and Methods:  The review is taken the help of resources for getting appropriate information are PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science very carefully. The period of time for article search in databases varied from 2001-2023. The articles between this time range were included. Results: In the present study, an effort was made to pinnacle sources, categories, and information regarding various drugs and regulatory bodies across the globe to control these functions.  To overcome the pharmaceutical pollution issues, functions, categories of wastes, and strategies to resolve were elaborated. Conclusion: The study highlighted the crucial function of pharmacists in reducing pharmaceutical waste and evaluated current water management policies, emphasizing the necessity for cohesive efforts to diminish pollution. Moreover, an examination of existing regulatory frameworks revealed inadequacies and provided suggestions for improved monitoring and enforcement. This comprehensive report aimed to offer practical recommendations for the advancement of sustainable pharmaceutical waste management techniques, aiding in the protection of world health and the environment. Highlights: Pharmacists make an important contribution to controlling and managing pharmaceutical waste. P, U, D drugs classification describes names of harmful drugs. Each country has its regulatory bodies to control pharma pollution. Each country formulates guidelines and practices for controlling pharmaceutical pollution to regulate waste management. Proper plans and policies should be followed on time to overcome pharmaceutical pollution.   Waste Management, Environment, Biological Products, Environmental Pollution, Antibiotics, Government Agencies. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-843-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-843-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 10 1 2025 3 1 Water Health in Drought: A Model Integrating Indigenous and Modern Knowledge 2521 2532 EN Azadeh Fatehpanah Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran fatehpanah@gmail.com N 0000-0002-4546-0102 Katayoun Jahangiri Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran k.jahangiri@sbmu.ac.ir Y 0000-0003-2061-1418 Hesam Seyedin Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran h.seyedin@gmail.com N 0000-0001-5614-4052 Amir Kavousi Workplace Health Promotion Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran amir.kavousi1349@gmail.com N 0000-0003-3922-0564 Hossein Malekinezhad Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran hmalekinezhad@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-1733-220x Masoud Rostami Department of Languages and Literature, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran mrostami@yazd.ac.ir N 0000-0001-5200-8678 10.18502/jehsd.v10i1.18297 Introduction: Drought is a natural hazard that limits access to water and threatens health. This study was conducted to present a combined model of indigenous and modern knowledge to combat the effects of drought on water health. Materials and Methods:  This study was a mixed-method design with four phases. In the first and second phases, the components of indigenous and modern knowledge were obtained through qualitative interviews using content analysis method and literature review using narrative method. In the third phase, components obtained from the two previous phases were sent to relevant field experts for validation using Delphi method. Two rounds of Delphi were conducted until reaching a consensus of views of the elites. The components that obtained a sufficient score were used to design the research model. Results: The final model consisted of three main components including household water management, community water management, and water health in drought conditions. Conclusion: Indigenous and modern knowledge are complementary and their integration creates synergy for the health of individuals, provided that they are studied in a principled way and integrated correctly. The present model was designed with a realistic view and considered the role of culture and indigenous knowledge in people's behavior and could be reasonably used by managers in the field of water health, passive defense, and various plannings. Drought,Water, Model, Indigenous, Modern, Knowledge. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-857-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-857-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 10 1 2025 3 1 Impact of Gamma Radiation on Physical Characteristics of Packaging Film Made from Chitosan, Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers, and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 2533 2550 EN Fariborz Pirnia Master of Food Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran fariborzpirnia@gmail.com N 0000-0002-2998-9153 Jalal Sadeghizadeh Yazdi Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran jsyazdi@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-6188-3535 Neda Mollakhalili Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran neda_mabodi@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-8473-7517 Masoumeh Arab Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran arab.sepideh@gmail.com N 0000-0001-6369-9718 Reyhane Sefidkar Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran reyhanesefidkar@gmail.com N 0000-0003-2395-8265 10.18502/jehsd.v10i1.18299 Introduction: Notwithstanding the numerous benefits associated with chitosan biopolymer in the fabrication of biodegradable films, its limited mechanical properties and susceptibility to moisture represent significant barriers to its broader application within the packaging sector. Therefore, in this study, chitosan film was combined with bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNF) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and then exposed to different doses of gamma rays to investigate its effect on physical properties of films. Materials and Methods: In this study, three types of films with three different formulations were prepared along with a control group, and then the effect of gamma rays on their physical characteristics in the first stage and  structural properties were investigated in the second stage. Results: The outcome showed that ZnONPs significantly decreased the water vapor permeability (WVP) and increased the opacity of films (p < 0.05). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) test showed that the presence of ZnONPs and gamma ray irradiation improved the heat resistance of cellulose-chitosan films. The moisture content (MC) of cellulose-chitosan films significantly decreased after being combined with zinc oxide nanoparticles and the irradiation process. The solubility of films showed a significant decrease by adding ZnONPs and increasing irradiation doses. According to the results of FTIR, the samples of the tested films under the influence of irradiation treatments did not show significant difference in the spectrogram. Conclusion: The addition of BCNF and ZnONPs to chitosan-based films and the simultaneous application of gamma ray irradiation technology improved the physical properties of chitosan films. Food Packaging, Nanocomposites, Chitosan, Cellulose Nanofiber, Nanoparticles, Gamma Rays. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-848-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-848-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 10 1 2025 3 1 Analyzing Environmental Dynamics in the Center of Iran: Impacts of Climatic and Environmental Factors Using Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis in Google Earth Engine and R Software 2551 2567 EN Mohamad Ali Ghoveh Nodoushan Department of Environment, Ya.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran ma.ghoveh@gmail.com N 0000-0003-3983-1461 Ali Akbar Jamali Department of GIS-RS and Watershed Management, May.C., Islamic Azad University, Maybod, Iran aa.jamali@iau.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-1537-2427 Seyed Masood Monavari Department of Environmental Science, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran masoud_monv@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-9142-9790 Seyed Abolghasem Mirhoseini Department of Environment, Ya.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran mirhosseinid@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-4093-0061 Mehdi Dehghani Zahedani Department of Environment, Ya.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Me.Dehghani@iau.ac.ir N 0000-0002-8569-0383 10.18502/jehsd.v10i1.18300 Introduction: Environmental changes driven by anthropogenic and natural factors significantly affect human health, the environment, and economic systems globally. This study investigated the ecological impacts of environmental variables in the Yazd-Ardakan Plain using remote sensing data and geospatial analysis. Materials and Methods: Google Earth Engine (GEE) and R software were used to assess spatiotemporal trends from 2018 to 2023 using data from Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-5P. Key indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), temperature, surface runoff, and concentrations of NO2, CO, O3, and SO2, were calculated to evaluate patterns in green space, air quality, temperature, and precipitation. Results: Elevated NO2 and CO levels were observed in the centers of Yazd and  Ardakan, with O3 and SO2 peaking in 2019-2020 and improving by 2023. The highest aerosol concentrations were in 2019 and 2023, with a decrease in 2022. NDVI values peaked in 2020 but declined until 2023. The spatial analysis identified denser green spaces in Ardakan, elevated temperatures in Steel, and consistent precipitation across the regions. A positive correlation was found between temperature and pollution, whereas NDVI and precipitation showed negative correlations with temperature, indicating that vegetation loss exacerbates the effects of warming and pollution. Conclusion: This study highlights significant climatic and environmental changes in the Yazd-Ardakan plain from 2018 to 2023, including rising temperatures and pollution, alongside declining precipitation and vegetation. These trends underscore the need for targeted management strategies to mitigate environmental degradation, protect public health, and promote sustainable development through advanced monitoring and policy intervention. Remote Sensing Technology, Climate Change, Global Warming, Air Pollution, Yazd City,Iran. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-810-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-810-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 10 1 2025 3 1 Seasonal Variation and Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Pb, and Nitrate in Vegetables and Fruits Available in North West of Iran 2568 2585 EN Melika Saeedlunia Student Research Committee, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran saeedluniam@yahoo.com N 0009-0009-2410-2697 Ali Abdolahnejad Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran Abdolahnejada@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-0193-7690 Farhang Hameed Awlqadr Department of Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq Awlqadrf@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-1737-5920 Maryam Farshidi Department of Food Science and Technology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran farshidim@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-8802-1954 Mojtaba Pourakbar Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran Pourakbarm@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-8211-9640 Behzad Ebrahimi Department of Food Science and Technology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran ebrahimib@tbzmed.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-5278-0841 10.18502/jehsd.v10i1.18301 Introduction: Given the significant role of fruits and vegetables in the Iranian diet, this study aimed to evaluate the health risks linked to the heavy metals   in 6+ fruits and vegetables, specifically cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), as well as nitrate in household diets. Materials and Methods: A total of 1941 fresh samples were collected from East and West Azerbaijan province in Iran across three seasons. Then, the concentration of Cd, Pb, and nitrate were examined. Results: Analysis using SPSS software version 20 found that all vegetable samples contained heavy metals and nitrates, with Cd levels within permissible limits. Pb concentrations varied by season: 40.4-280.33 ppb in spring, 36.77-283.67 ppb in summer, and 6.21-236.23 ppb in autumn. Pb levels exceeded the national standard organization of Iran (INSO) limit in several samples, including greenhouse cucumbers (48.48%) and conventional cucumbers (62.22%), onions (48.71%). Nitrate concentrations included 45.33-3390 ppb in spring, 9.66-3581 ppb in summer, and 34.28-3281.94 ppb in autumn, with exceedances in samples such as spinach (92%) and leafy vegetables (100%). Despite these exceedances, the target hazard quotient (THQ) for Cd, Pb, and nitrates was below 1, indicating no immediate health risks for the Iranian population. Conclusion: While the presence of Pb and nitrates in certain vegetable samples raises concerns regarding food safety and compliance with health standards, the overall assessment suggests that the levels of these contaminants do not currently pose a significant health risk. Continuous monitoring and adherence to safety standards are essential to ensure public health safety. Cadmium, Lead, Nitrate, Risk Assessment,North West of Iran. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-844-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-844-en.pdf