Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 9 4 2024 12 1 Advancing Sustainable Energy: Prospects of Bio-Methanol and E-Methanol from Sewage Sludge and Solid Wastes 2388 2389 EN Behnam Hatami Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran bhatami88@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-0644-9522 Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ebrahimi20007@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-8542-5291 Mina Hosseini Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran hosseini.mina21@gmail.com N 0009-0004-1137-7943 10.18502/jehsd.v9i4.17385 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-858-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-858-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 9 4 2024 12 1 The Impact of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Diabetes: A Narrative Review 2390 2404 EN Behzad Fouladi Dehaghi Environmental Technologies Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran bdehaghi@gmail.com N 0000-0003-3678-2713 Masoomeh Vahabi Shekarloo Department of Occupational Safety and Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran vahabimasume@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-4490-3792 Ameneh Golbaghi Department of Occupational Safety and Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran amn.golbaghi@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-3757-7159 Leila Ibrahimi Ghavamabadi Department of Environmental Management-HSE, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran leilaebrahimi@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-0790-8391 10.18502/jehsd.v9i4.17386 Introduction: This literature review investigates the complex relationship between electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and diabetes, highlighting both therapeutic potentials and associated health risks. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to specific types of EMFs, particularly pulsed EMFs (PEMF), may enhance insulin sensitivity and promote healing in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Studies have indicated significant improvements in microvascular blood flow and pancreatic function, suggesting a potential role for EMF therapy in diabetes management. Conversely, prolonged exposure to high-frequency EMFs, such as those that cell phones emanate and wireless devices, raises concerns regarding their impact on glucose metabolism. Results: A correlation was observed between chronic EMF exposure and increased insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and disruptions in hormonal balance, which can exacerbate hyperglycemia. Mechanistic insights reveal that elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alterations in cortisol and glucagon levels may contribute to these adverse effects. Conclusion: Despite the promising therapeutic applications of certain EMFs, the existing literature presents significant variability in methodologies, limiting the generalizability of findings. Future research should focus on large-scale, longitudinal studies that encompass diverse populations to clarify the long-term effects of EMF exposure on diabetes. This review underscores the need for a balanced approach to EMF exposure, recognizing both its potential benefits and risks for individuals with diabetes, thereby informing clinical practices and public health policies.   Electromagnetic Fields, Oxidative Stress, Insulin Sensitivity, Diabetes Mellitus. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-824-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-824-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 9 4 2024 12 1 Modification of Agricultural Waste Carbon Adsorbents with Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Heavy Metals Removal: A Scoping Review of the Literature 2405 2415 EN Sahar Karzegar Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran saharkarzegar@gmail.com N Mohammad Abedi Department of Chemical Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, I. R. Iran mabedi50@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-3513-6915 Mohammad Javad Salmani DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R. Iran mjsalmani80@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-7082-8901 Mohsen Askrishahi Department of Biostatic and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, I.R. Iran mobio@yahoo.com N 000-0003-2390-9578 Fatemah Babaei Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran fb.fatima69@yahoo.com N Mohammad Hossein Salmani Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, I.R. Iran mhsn06@yahoo.com Y 0000-0002- 2450- 1278 10.18502/jehsd.v9i4.17387 Introduction: Considering the damage caused by heavy metal pollution, researchers and environmental health organizations have prioritized developing methods to remove heavy metal ions from polluted water. This study reviews existing literature on the use of agricultural waste, as well as the modification of agricultural waste with iron and iron oxides, for heavy metal removal. Materials and Methods: The systematic review included a search for relevant literature published between 2000 and 2022 in English, with 50 articles being selected for inclusion. After removal of duplicates and screening for eligibility, thematic analysis was conducted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of practical, economic methods for preparing and modifying agricultural waste for heavy metal removal. Results: A total of 50 articles were selected for inclusion, covering the preparation and modification of adsorbents from cellulose sources and agricultural waste. Thematic analysis revealed that agricultural waste is an environmentally friendly adsorbent with a high capacity for removing cadmium, lead, and arsenic from aqueous solutions. Moreover, modified adsorbents with iron and iron oxide nanoparticles demonstrated superior adsorption capacities compared to their unmodified counterparts. Conclusion: This review highlights the potential of utilizing cellulose sources, particularly processed fruit waste, as a suitable material for preparing carbon-based adsorbents and modifying their surfaces with iron and iron oxide nanoparticles. Their abundance, adsorption capacity, low cost, and availability make them a promising solution for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Modified Carbon, Agricultural Wastes, Heavy Metals, Iron and Iron Oxide, Nanoparticles. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-803-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-803-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 9 4 2024 12 1 A Global Systematic Review of Factors Affecting the Biological Treatment of Wastewater Containing Petroleum Substances 2416 2432 EN Mohammad Hasan Zarghi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Center for Solid Waste Research Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran mh-zarghi@razi.tums.ac.ir N 0000-0003-2611-9395 Allahbakhsh Javid Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran ajavid@tums.ac.ir N 0000-0002-2037-9252 Parisa Sadighara Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran sadighara@farabi.tums.ac.ir N 0000-0002-7945-9732 Fazlollah Changani khorasgani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Center for Solid Waste Research Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran changani39@gmail.com Y 0009-0002-0081-7128 10.18502/jehsd.v9i4.17388 Introduction: A variety of treatment methods, including biological remediation, have been employed to address oil-contaminated wastewater. Bioremediation, which involves using microorganisms to mitigate or eliminate pollutants, is recognized as an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and evolving technique for removing and breaking down various environmental contaminants, including those from oil industry. Materials and Methods: This systematic review not only introduces biological treatment but also explores factors contributing to its success. In this study, a search was performed with keywords including petroleum substances, bioremediation, and biological treatment on Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed, and 1349 studies were obtained, and 61 articles were finally chosen according to exclusion and inclusion criteria. Results: A significant increase was observed in research articles over the past five years, likely reflecting the growing awareness of the need to remediate petroleum pollution in recent years. The nature of petroleum wastewater varies depending on the specific crude oil refining process, and factors that have the greatest effect on biological treatment include temperature, pH, inhibitors, time, oxygen, nutrients, nature, concentration of pollutants, and microorganism type. No single species of microorganism can break down all petroleum compounds. Conclusion: This study allows decision-makers to evaluate these factors before implementing and investing in this method, ensuring its effectiveness in reducing petroleum pollution concentrations. Petroleum, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Wastewater, Water pollution, Biology. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-826-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-826-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 9 4 2024 12 1 Temporal Changes Trend in External-Origin Dust in Arid Cities of Iran 2433 2450 EN Zohre Ebrahimi-Khusfi Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran Zohreebrahimi2018@ujiroft.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-1036-6386 Zahra Soltanianzadeh Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Zahrasoltanianzadeh@gmail.com N 0000-0002-7969-8493 10.18502/jehsd.v9i4.17390 Introduction: Dust storms in arid regions lead to air pollution that jeopardizes human health and the environment. Monitoring the temporal and spatial variations of these events is crucial for mitigating their risks. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed dust events in Iran, classifying them as internal (coded 07, 30-35, 98) and external (coded 06). The frequency of each dust type was calculated for every city, and the proportion of internal and external dust events was determined. Then, the contributions of both internal and external dust sources were examined in Iranian arid cities. Finally, using Mann-Kendall test, the study analyzed changes in external-origin dust in these cities. Results: Over 58% of recorded dust events originated from external sources. Significant increases in external dust frequency were found in most months for Tabas, Kashan, and Bandar Abbas (|Z statistic| > 1.96), while significant decreases were observed in Bam, Zahedan, and Iranshahr ((|Z statistic| > 1.96). A seasonal increase in external dust was prevalent in 72%, 7%, 58.6%, and 62.1% of Iranian cities during winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Annually, 75.9% of the cities experienced rising levels of external dust, while 17.2% faced decreasing trends. Conclusion: The results can be used as an efficient tool to improve management policies and programs in order to reduce the negative effects of dust on the environment and community health in dusty urban areas.   Dust,Trend, Air Pollution,Soil, Environmental Monitoring. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-817-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-817-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 9 4 2024 12 1 Comparison of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Waves in Different Parts of Residential Houses in Yazd City 2451 2459 EN Negar Zare Banadkooki Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran zarenaser33@gmail.com N 0009-0008-5222-220X Rohollah Fallah Madvari Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran fallah134@gmail.com N 0000-0003-3112-6733 Sara Jambarsang Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran s.jambarsang@gmail.com N 0000-0002-8295-7812 Fahimeh Teimouri Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran f.teimouri1401@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-9097-6493 Javad Rabi Haghighi Environmental Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran rabi.24166@chmail.ir N 10.18502/jehsd.v9i4.17391 Introduction: Extremely low frequency (ELF) waves are less than 300 Hz. Electrical devices with city electricity are one of the most important sources of generating ELF waves. The main objective of this research was to investigate and compare the magnetic fields produced by ELF electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) waves in different parts of residential houses in Yazd city. Material and Methods: Thirty-three houses were selected, and an EMF-828 was used (made in Taiwan) for ELF-EMF intensity measurement in three parts of the kitchen, living room, and bedroom and three modes of Normal, OFF, and ON electrical instruments. Results: Two-way ANOVA was used to compare two-by-two ELF waves in three modes: OFF, Normal, and ON. A significant value was obtained (p-value=0.036) in OFF and ON modes in the living room. Similar results were for kitchen (p-value=0.014) in two modes of ON and OFF. However, there was not a significant relationship (p>0.05) between the mean intensity of ELF-EMF waves and the studied building parameters. Conclusion: The mean intensity of the ELF waves in different modes was not the same in kitchen and was in the order of ON> Normal> OFF that could be related to high-wave generation equipment. The comparison of mean intensity ​​of ELF-EMF waves in different locations of the investigated houses was much lower than the standard level set by ICNIRP. Preventing the simultaneous use of high-power electrical instruments led to both save consumption and reduce EMF-ELF waves exposure risk. Health, Electronics, Nonionizing Radiations, Home Environment, Electromagnetic Waves. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-796-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-796-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 9 4 2024 12 1 The Impact of Pesticides Exposure on Thyroid Function in Rafsanjan Farmers in 2023-2024: A Case-Control Study 2460 2469 EN Sadegh Salehipour Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran sadegh.salehi.3244@gmail.com N 0009-0007-6797-8854 Alireza Saedi Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipoor Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran alirezasaedi.6045@gmail.com N 0009-0003-8471-718X Zahra Assadollahi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran asadollahi.zahra@gmail.com N 0000-0002-1503-8373 Mohammad Amin Lotfi Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran drlotfimaim@gmail.com N 0000-0002-7526-0179 Mohammadreza Rahmani Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute on Basic Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran drrahmani.1347@gmail.com N 0000-0001-7395-5770 Faezeh Nosratabadi Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran faezeh80@gmail.com N 0000-0003-1248-6872 Soudeh Khanamani Falahati-pour Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran s.falahatipour@rums.ac.ir N 0000-0002-3539-8982 Hadi Eslami Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Hadieslami1986@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-5137-4764 Mahdieh Azin Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute on Basic Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran mahdieh.azin@gamil.com Y 0000-0003-4111-7806 10.18502/jehsd.v9i4.17392 Introduction: Pesticides, particularly highly toxic organophosphates, are widely used in agriculture and can disrupt the endocrine system. This study aims to determine thyroid function indicators in agricultural workers exposed to pesticides in Rafsanjan city, Iran, in 2023. Material and Methods: This 10-month (from March 2023 to January 2024) case-control study involved 150 participants (men farmers) divided into three groups: pesticide-spraying farmers, rural non-farmers, and urban non-exposed individuals. Socio-demographic information, medical history, and lifestyle factors data were collected by a detailed checklist. Thyroid enzyme levels, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), and free thyroxine (FT4) were tested by ELISA kits. The collected data were analyzed and compared across the groups by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Significant differences were observed in serum levels of thyroid function indicators such as TSH, Total T4, and Free T4 among the three groups (spraying farmers, rural residents near pistachio orchards, and urban residents), except for Total T3, which showed no significant difference. Moreover, there was a relationship between thyroid function variables in the spraying group and factors such as using personal protective equipment (PPE), days of spraying per year, hours of spraying per day, distance from home to pistachio orchards, and levels of pesticide exposure. However, these relationships were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study found no significant effect of pesticide exposure on thyroid function, possibly due to minimal skin contact and equipment maintenance practices among farmers. Further investigations are recommended. Environmental Exposure, Farmers, Pesticides, Organophosphorus Pesticides, Thyroid Hormones. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 9 4 2024 12 1 Studies on Bio-denitrification of Wastewater Using Immobilized GAC in Draft Tube Spouted Bed Reactor 2470 2479 EN Keshava Joshi Department of Chemical Engineering, SDM College of Engineering and Technology,(Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Dharwad, Karnataka, 580 002, India joshikeshava@gmail.com N 0000-0002-6827-6738 Lokeshwari Navalgund Department of Chemical Engineering, SDM College of Engineering and Technology,(Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Dharwad, Karnataka, 580 002, India lokeshwarinavalgund@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-8319-3298 Vinayaka B. Shet Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology-Affiliated to NITTE (Deemed to be University), Nitte-574110, Karnataka, India N 0000-0003-0667-5992 10.18502/jehsd.v9i4.17394 Introduction: The draft tube-spouted bed bioreactor with GAC particles immobilized with Pseudomonas syringae is being evaluated to study the effect of suspended biomass and biofilm thickness on the rate of denitrification. Though the biofilm thickness is not directly controlled in wastewater treatment by the diffusion limitation and consequent substrate penetration in the biofilm, biofilm thickness will probably have a significant impact on bacteriological activity. Materials and Methods: The reactor studies were accomplished to study the result of dilution rate on attached biomass, suspended biomass, and biofilm thickness with nitrate reduction under steady-state conditions. A spouted bed reactor with the growth media prepared was used to study the bio-denitrification using Pseudomonas syringae. Results: The study of the attached biomass on nitrate reduction indicated that, as the attached biomass increased from 0.35 g/g to 0.54 g/g at a 0.166/h dilution rate, the nitrate reduction percentage decreased from 98.18% to 88.2%. During the study, it was observed that the biomass and biofilm thickness increased and decreased, respectively, with a rise in influent nitrate concentration and dilution rate. The rise in dilution rate as well as influent nitrate concentration throughout the study increased the rate of suspended biomass. Conclusion: The nitrate reduction rate was high with higher rates of loading in a draft tube spouted bed bioreactor, due to well-organized recirculation of the solids inside the reactor. The formation of biofilm thickness on solids is a significant character as it increases the nitrate reduction rate to meet the effluent standards. Biomass, Biofilm, Bioreactor, Granular activated carbon, Nitrate, Pseudomonas syringae. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-785-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-785-en.pdf