Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 1 3 2016 12 1 Sustainable Development and Environmental Health Literacy in Iran 126 7 EN Soheila Bazm Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Soheila.bazm@ssu.ac.ir Y http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-39-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-39-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 1 3 2016 12 1 Effect of Medicinal Smokes on Reduction of Fungal Indoor Air Contamination 128 133 EN Reza Fouladi Fard Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. rezafd@yahoo.com Y Marziyeh Farajinia School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. N Introduction: As far as application of chemicals as disinfectants may have side effects on human health and causes drug resistance, the topic of herbal and natural products has been investigated in recent researches. Nevertheless, application of medicinal smokes in the treatment of many diseases, including bacterial and infectious diseases has long been popular in Iran. Smoke from the burning of Peganumharmala (Espand) and female donkey dung (Anbarnasa) are among these smokes which effects on ambient air fungi was investigated in the current study. Materials and Methods: In this analytical research, the smoking was conducted with different masses of Espand and Anbarnasa in the room space. Before and after smoking, air fungal sampling was performed with Anderson method. After three to five days, the composed fungal colonies were counted. Data were analyzed through the SPSS Software (Vs. 18) and Microsoft Excel (2007). Results: The indoor fungal removal percent by Espand smoke in 1, 3, and 5 minutes after smoking were 52.75 %, 64.72 %, and 77.28 %, respectively; and for the Anbarnasa smoke at these times were 54.6 %, 59.4 %, and 74 %. Increase in smoking time caused a significant increase (p < 0.05( in fungi removal, but change in the mass and the kind of smoking matter (Espand or Anbarnasa) did not cause any significant change in the removal. Conclusion: Smoking with Espand and Anbarnasa as well as duration of smoking can decrease the building's ambient air fungi burden significantly. Of course it is better to perform smoking in enclosed spaces especially in toilets and without the presence of the person. Indoor Air,Fungi, Reduction,Smoke. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 1 3 2016 12 1 An Assessment on Microbial Quality of Produced Vermicomposts in Yazd City in 2015 134 140 EN Mehdi Mokhtari Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Mohammad Rezvani Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Hossein Karimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. h.karimi.m90@gmail.com Y Atefeh Karimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Zeinab Abbasszadeh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Roya Malekahmadi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Introduction: Organic fertilizers are beneficial to maintain and improve structure of the soil nutrients; however, in case of presence of pathogenic microbial agents and pathogens inside them, it will result in health problems and disease transmission. Therefore, present study aimed to determine microbial quality of produced vermicomposts in Yazd city. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical work where 10 % of vermicomposts production centers which were using cow manure were randomly selected in Yazd city and sampling was conducted in spring. In doing so, the desired microbial indices were measured and ultimately compared to the standard A of Iranian compost. Three samples were prepared from each center and in each sampling; 50 g of sample was picked. Finally, total number of taken samples was 30. The tests included determination of the probable number of fecal coliform bacteria and parasite eggs. Results: According to the results of present study, the mean fecal coliform and parasite eggs for all centers were 1272 in confidence interval of 95 % (441-2102) and 0.73 in confidence interval of 95 % (0.32-1.13), respectively. Therefore, the mean fecal coliform and parasite eggs in derived vermicomposts were in class A standards range of Iranian compost. Conclusion: Production of vermicomposts by animal fertilizers in Yazd city not only decreases these wastes but also gives rise to manufacture a strategic and valuable product which is in range of determined standards and is suitable for soil improvement and fertility.   Vermicompost,Microbial Quality,Waste Management,Yazd City. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 1 3 2016 12 1 Performance Evaluation of Combined Process of Powdered Activated Carbon-Activated Sludge (PACT) in Textile Dye Removal 141 152 EN Abdolmajid Gholizadeh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Mitra Gholami Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. N Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Mohammad Miri Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. m_miri87@yahoo.com Y Ali Nikoonahad Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Introduction: The Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) has been proposed as an alternative in wastewater treatment and wastewater biomass protection against toxic substances. This study aims to evaluate PACT performance in treating dyes, acid orange, and remazol brilliant reactive blue. Materials and Methods: This empirical- applied research was carried out in pilot scale in which different dye removal systems were tested: activated sludge, PAC, and the combined activated carbon–biomass system. The degradability of selected dyes was evaluated through Zahn-Wellens method. Also, tests continued by adding different concentrations of powdered activated carbon and it’s effect on activated sludge in different operating conditions was investigated. American Dye Manufacture Institute (ADMI) method was utilized for determination of dye removal in samples. Results: Results revealed that dye removal in combined carbon–biomass system was faster and more efficient than activated sludge individually. So, in the wastewater with the dye concentration of 100 ppm, the dye removals through biological process alone were equal to 60 % and 12.5 % for acidic and reactive dyes, respectively. The best PAC efficiency in activated sludge process was obtained in 1500 mg/L PAC concentration. Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and the optimum temperature of dyes' removal were determined 28 hours and 30 °C, orderly; in these conditions the dye removal efficiency of 98.18 % was obtained. Also the dye removal using activated carbon–biomass system was adequately described by combining the kinetic equations. Conclusion: PACT could be considered as an acceptable and highly efficient method for removal of different dyes in textile industry.   Dye,Biological,Treatment, Adsorption. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 1 3 2016 12 1 Pathogens\' Reduction in Vermicompost Process Resulted from the Mixed Sludge Treatments-Household Wastes 153 158 EN Hossien Karimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Mohammad Rezvani Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Morteza Mohammadzadeh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Yaser Eshaghi Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. N Mehdi Mokhtari Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. mhimokhtari@gmail.com Y Introduction: The presence of pathogenic microbial agents and pathogens in organic fertilizers causes health problems and disease transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of vermicomposting process in improve the microbial quality of the compost produced. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted as a pilot-scale one, in the laboratory of school of Health. In order to produce vermicompost, some perishable domestic waste were mixed whit sludge of wastewater treatment plant in a reactor. Tests to determine the microbial quality of the product were carried out at an early stage, during the process of production, and on the final product. The worms used for the production of vermicompost were Eiseniafotida worms. Results: According to the results of this study, a significant decrease was observed in the number of fecal coliforms in Sludge- domestic waste; as the number of fecal coliforms reduced from 7500000 (MPN/g), in the raw sample, to 1500 (MPN/g), eight weeks after the outset. Removal efficiency of fecal coliforms was 99.98 percent. Moreover, according to the obtained results, the mixture of Sludge and domestic waste had some parasite eggs (22 number/gr) in the raw samples. This amount was fully removed by the process of vermicomposting, during the forth week. Conclusion: The results showed that earthworms are a great ability to remove pathogens but to reach the standard set in mixed microbial treatment sludge - waste can not be sure. Vermicompost,Sludge,Solid Waste,Pathogen,Reduction. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 1 3 2016 12 1 Modeling and Performance of Waste Tires as Media in Fixed Bed Sequence Batch Reactor 159 166 EN Zahra Derakhshan Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Mohammad Faramarzian Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mfaramarzi1985@gmail.com Y Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Introduction: The modeling aims to simulate or optimize a process in physical, chemical or biological environments and the derived model will provide a considerable assistance to generate data and predict unknown condition, in case of sufficient suitability. Unsuitable disposal and elimination of waste tires have polluted the environment and human life areas, it also have caused removal of a huge amount of recyclable materials and energy. Besides, attached growth biological processes of wastewater treatment are faced with very high costs of the beds used in such methods. Thus, this study targeted at the following topics: reuse of waste tires, reduction of the costs associated with preparation of biological wastewater treatment system beds, and increased productivity of refineries.  Materials and Methods: The current experimental study was conducted in pilot scale, in which ability of Fixed Bed Sequence Batch Reactor (FBSBR) and Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) was evaluated by synthetic wastewater in diverse loadings. Ultimately, the derived data were analyzed using the statistical software packages SPSS and MS Excel. Results: The maximum removal efficiencies of dissolved chemical oxygen demand for FBSBR and SBR reactors were 98.3 % and 97.9 %, respectively. In addition, Stover-Kincannon model provided a very suitable fitness (R2   > 0.99) for loading the bioreactor FBSBR. Conclusion: According to the results, not only waste tires can be reused, but also these wastes can be employed as a proper biological bed in wastewater refineries to improve their efficiency. Modeling,Biological,Wastewater,Treatment,Waste Tire. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-44-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-44-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 1 3 2016 12 1 Biodegradation of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate by Sequencing Batch Reactor in Sanitary Wastewater 167 174 EN Katayon Hoseini School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. N Fatemeh Babaei Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ebrahimi20007@gmail.com Y Introduction: Detergents lead to many environmental problems. The main aim of this study was to evaluate sequencing batch reactor (SBR) efficiency on Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) removal. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, to investigate the removal efficiency of LAS, a SBR reactor was used. A roughly 12-hour operating cycle was chosen which included the discharge time (30 min), the filling time (60 min), and sedimentation (1 hr), while the remaining time was devoted to aerating. In this research 48 samples were taken and analyzed. Sampling and testing were performed according to the standard methods of water and wastewater examination. Results: The results showed that minimum and maximum removal efficiencies of LAS in SBR reactor were 92 % and 99.5 %, respectively. The average removal of COD was 92 %. It was observed that 1 mg/l used surfactants produced 2.3 ± 0.3 mg COD. Conclusion: It can be concluded that SBR reactor is capable of removing LAS to meet desirable environmental standards. Wastewater,Treatment,Biodegradation, LAS. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 1 3 2016 12 1 Waste to Energy: Challenges and Opportunities in Iran 175 184 EN Lida Rafati Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Maryam Rahmani Boldaji Kherad High School, Tehran, Iran. N Maryam Khodadadi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. N Zahra Atafar Departmentt of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. N Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Seyed Mojtaba Momtaz Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Rahimeh Alizadeh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N Mehdi Mokhtari Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. mhimokhtari@gmail.com Y Introduction: Countries around the world are looking for an appropriate, stable, and affordable replacement for the natural energies. Therefore, the waste is considered as an available resource to produce energy, which by controlling, its effects on the environment could be minimized. Materials and Methods: To conduct this review article, the scientific data related to the topic were gathered from scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Springer, Magiran, and SID using waste to energy, Biogas, Incinerator, Landfill, and Pyrolysis as the keywords. In addition, 53 articles were used for this research (from 1993 until 2016). Results: The results indicated that from a technical point of view, according to Iran’s current environment and the properties of the produced waste, most methods mentioned in the study are applicable. However, the important issue is to choose the best technologies with the best functionality in Iran, based on the composition of the municipal solid waste, proved technologies, and the municipal solid waste management strategies. Conclusion: This study recommends construction of incineration plants with an appropriate location for processing municipal, household, and industrial hazardous wastes, as well as energy recovery. In addition, promoting application of household biogas reservoirs in villages and use of pyrolysis for some industries to converse industrial waste into fuel, are further suggested. Clean Energy,Waste,Landfill,Bio Fuel,Incineration. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.pdf