Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 3 2020 9 1 COVID-19: Iran’s Actions to Deal with and Control the Pandemic and Practical Suggestions 1030 1032 EN Mohammad Kazem Rahimi Zarchi Health Policy and Management Research Center, Department of Healthcare Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. mk.rahimi@ssu.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-6122-2737 Tahereh Shafaghat Student Research Committee, School of Management & Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. N 0000-0001-8681-0423 Fatemeh Karimi Zarchi Departments of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-1934-7843 10.18502/jehsd.v5i3.4273 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 3 2020 9 1 Biotechnology and Social Aspect 1033 1034 EN Elham Hoseini Department of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. hoseini20007@yahoo.com Y 0000-0002-8968-7974 forouzan zare Department of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. forouzan.zare@gmail.com N 0000-0002-6418-5222 10.18502/jehsd.v5i3.4274 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 3 2020 9 1 Airborne Particulate Matter Density in Traditional Bakeries of Saveh, Central of Iran, in 2020 1035 1042 EN Edris Hoseinzadeh Student Research Committee, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran. edris-2009@live.com N 0000-0002-0674-281X Mehrzad Ghorbani Department of Statistics, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. N 0000-0001-8278-9364 Mahdi safari Department of Statistics, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. N 0000-0003-0347-9283 Najmeh Ebrahimi Student Research Committee, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran. Y 0000-0002-3581-1140 10.18502/jehsd.v5i3.4275 Introduction: High concentration of inhalable airborne particles can increase the risk of lung disease in exposed people. This study aimed to determine the respirable particulate matter (PM5) concentration in traditional bakeries of Saveh in 2020. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 25 bakeries where the samples were collected by cyclone and teflon filter equipped by air sampling pump. Later, the respirable particulate matter concentration was measured using gravimetric method. The collected PM5 was scanned using a FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) with regard to flour dust. In addition, size and shape of the collected PM5 were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Findings showed that the Lavash bakery had the highest PM5 concentration (9.15 mg/m3) in comparison with two other bakeries (Sangak and Barbari). However, an inverse relationship was observed between RH and particle concentration. In addition, the results demonstrated that increasing RH decreased the particle concentration, but the relationship was not significant (P = 0.052, Spearman's rho = -0.393). Furthermore, Lavash bakery had the lowest average size of PM5 (0.63 ± 0.32 μm). However, the FTIR scans confirmed that the flour dust had the predominant amount of PM5. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the density of respirable PM5 has a high level in Saveh bakeries and workers  are exposed to high levels of PM. Respirable Particulate Matter, Bakery, Indoor Air, Saveh City. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-260-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-260-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 3 2020 9 1 Landfill Site Selection Using Geographic Information System and Fuzzy-AHP Model: A Case Study of Ilam Township, Iran 1043 1052 EN Mehdi Ahmadi Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. mehdi.ahmadi2009@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-0738-0531 Mehdi Nikseresht Department of Geography, Faculty of Human Science, University of Payame Noor, Tehran, Iran. niksereshtmehdi@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-0439-9632 Esmaeil Najafi Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Damghan, Damghan, Iran. es.najafi@du.ac.ir N 0000-0002-8960-1376 Behzad Morshedi Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Human Science, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran. behzad.morshedi1362@gmail.com N 0000-0003-0735-0911 10.18502/jehsd.v5i3.4276 Introduction: Landfill siting is a difficult, complex, and protracted process, which requires evaluating different criteria. A suitable site should be located to dispose the municipal solid wastes hygienically (sanitary landfill), which is one of the fundamental subjects related to the environmental stability of the human settlements. The aim was to select a suitable waste disposal area using fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) models. Materials and Methods: To conduct this study, the information about elevation, slope, soil, drainage, vegetation, land use, population, and roads were produced and corrected in layers called shape files using the Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Finally, weights were applied in expert choice software by combining and overlapping information layers in GIS. Results: Based on the fuzzy-AHP model, 6 sites were identified as suitable areas for municipal waste disposal. Among the selected sites, one site was highly suitable, two were suitable, and three sites were moderately suitable. These areas with an area of 83.8 km2 are located along the west part of the city adjacent to the Iraqi border. The unsuitable sites for municipal waste disposal were located in the eastern and northeastern areas. Conclusion: However, applying fuzzy-AHP model provides the necessary conditions for assessing effective relationships among discrete criteria. In the end, combining these models and their findings represented advantages of this kind of modeling and improved scoring in all of these pixels. Landfill, Fuzzy-AHP, Geographic Information System, Ilam City. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 3 2020 9 1 Application of pH Indicator Label Based on Beetroot Color for Determination of Milk Freshness 1053 1062 EN Razieh Eshaghi Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. r.eshaghee@gmail.com N 0000-0001-7585-8800 Elham khalili Sadrabad Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. khalili.elham@gmail.com N 0000-0001-5309-3333 Ali Jebali Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran. alijebal2011@gmail.com N 0000-0002-1353-3864 Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddam Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. shhekmati2002@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-9859-3753 Fateme Akrami Mohajeri Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. fateme.akrami@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-8338-1464 10.18502/jehsd.v5i3.4277 Introduction: Applying of a new indicator in food packaging can be effective to inform consumers about the freshness and quality of the products. Materials and Methods: In the current study, a new milk freshness label was investigated containing beetroot color and multi layers of polystyrene. The label characteristics were investigated by estimating color number, release test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The total bacterial count, pH, lactic acid concentration in milk, and label color number were measured using standard plate count, pH meter, titration of acidity, color analysis software, and UV spectrophotometry on days 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 at refrigerator temperature (4 ± 0.2°C). Results: The label reacted to total bacterial count and pH changes with a visible color during milk spoilage. A positive correlation was found between the label color changes, total bacterial count, and pH. The color of label turned from dark red to light brown, which was related to the chemical changes and bacterial count of milk. Conclusion: According to this simple, visible, and affordable label, the shelf life of pasteurized milk was estimated as five days. Food Packaging, Milk, Freshness Indicator. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 3 2020 9 1 Optimization and Modeling of Microcystin-LR Degradation by TiO2 Photocatalyst Using Response Surface Methodology 1063 1076 EN Negar Jafari Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. N 0000-0003-4584-981X Afshin Ebrahimi Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. a_ebrahimi@hlth.mui.ac.ir N 0000-0002-3640-087X Karim Ebrahimpour Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. N 0000-0002-6230-0119 Ali Abdolahnejad Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran. abdolahnejad.a@gmail.com Y 0000-0003-0193-7690 10.18502/jehsd.v5i3.4278 Introduction: Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a toxin with harmful effects on the liver, kidney, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. So, effective removal of MC-LR from water resources is of great importance. The aim of this study was to remove microcystin-LR (MC-LR) from aqueous solution by Titanium Dioxide (TiO2). Materials and Methods: In the present study, TiO2, as a semiconductor, was used for photodegradation of MC-LR under ultraviolet light (UV). The Response Surface Methodology was applied to investigate the effects of operating variables such as pH (A), contact time (B), and catalyst dose (B) on the removal of MC-LR. The MC-LR concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The results showed that single variables such as A, B, and C had significant effects on MC-LR removal (pvalue < 0.05). In other words, increase of the contact time and catalyst dose had a positive effect on enhancing the removal efficiency of MC-LR, but the effect of pH was negative. The analysis of variance showed that BC, A2, and C2 variables had a significant effect on the MC-LR removal (pvalue < 0.05). Finally, the maximum removal efficiency of MC-LR was 95.1%, which occurred at pH = 5, contact time = 30 minutes, and catalyst dose = 1 g/l. Conclusion: According to the findings, TiO2, as a photocatalyst, had an appropriate effect on degradation of the MC-LR. Microcystin-LR, TiO2, Photocatalytic Degradation, Response Surface Methodology. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 3 2020 9 1 Indoor and Outdoor Air Fungus Bioaerosols in Khorramabad Day Care Child Centers Western of Iran, 2018 1077 1090 EN Asghar Sepahvand Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. fungimed44@yahoo.com. N 0000-0002-3734-5622 Katayan Salim Department of Environmental Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. kh.jafary.71@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-5573-041X Edris Hoseinzadeh Student Research Committee, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran. edris-2009@live.com N 0000-0002-0674-281X Khadijeh Jafari Environmental Science and Technologhy Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. k.jafary.71@gmail.com N 0000-0001-6357-6179 Rezvan Mohammadrezaei Khorramabadi Depatment of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. Rezvan.mr76@gmail.com N 0000-0002-8128-0387 10.18502/jehsd.v5i3.4279 Introduction: the aim of this study was to determine the quantity and quality of indoor and outdoor air fungus bioaerosols in Khorramabad day care child centers. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 air samples were collected from 10 centers in 2018. The samples included 7 indoor and 2 outdoor sampling points. The total number of children was 580. Sampling of fungal bioaerosols was performed by the ZEFON pump (ZEFON factory, USA) with a flow rate of 28.3 L/min. The Sabouraud Dextrose Agar containing chloramphenicol was used as the culture medium. Relative humidity and temperature were measured by a Hygro-Thermometer (TES-1360A- Taiwan-made Humidity and temperature meter). Results: The results showed that 96.1 % of the samples were positive and had grown colonies. The highest amount of fungal agents in the indoor air and outdoor air were 175.58 CFU/m3 and 274.56 CFU/m3 in May, while the lowest rates were 3.4 CFU/m3 and 7.8 CFU/m3 in July, respectively. Aspergillus niger and Mucor were the most highly abundant fungus genera, while Fusarium was the lowest one. In all samples, the I/O (indoor/outdoor) ratio was more than 1; so, fungal bioaerosols in indoor environments were dominant than the outdoor fungal bioaerosols. The relationship of fungal bioaerosols with RH and T)°C( was significant (P-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Generally, the amount of contamination is considerable in the studied day care child centers. Therefore, ventilation modification is recommended by a purifier filter. Moreover, the ventilation conditions and favorable air standards should be monitored continuously by supervisory authorities. Fungi, Air Pollution, Indoor,Child Day Care Centers, Iran. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 3 2020 9 1 Microbial Community Analysis Using MiSeq Sequencing and Pathway of Methane Production in Tehran WWTP: A Full-Scale Anaerobic Digester 1091 1102 EN Reza Barati Rashvanlou Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. rezabarati8770@gmail.com N 0000-0002-7086-5830 Mahdi Farzadkia Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahdi.farzadkia@gmail.com N 0000-0001-7795-9461 Abbas Ali Moserzadeh Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran A.moserzadeh@tpww.ir N 0000-0003-3908-3360 Asghar Riazati Managing director of Tehran Water and Wastewater Co., Tehran, Iran. Riazati158@gmail.com N 0000-0002-4739-062X Chiang Wei Research Fellow/Division Chief Planning Division, The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Nantou 55750, Taiwan d87622005@ntu.edu.tw N 0000-0003-4983-4594 Edris Hoseinzadeh Student Research Committee, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran. edris-2009@live.com Y 0000-0002-0674-281X 10.18502/jehsd.v5i3.4280 Introduction: One of biological wastewater treatment methods that utilizes to both digesting waste activated sludge and methane production is anaerobic digestion (AD). It is believed to be most effective solution in terms of energy crisis and environmental pollution issues. Materials and Methods: In this study the sludge was digested anaerobically sampled from a full-scale WWTP, located at south of Tehran, Iran for evaluation. To study the microbial community within the sludge the MiSeq Sequencing method utilized. Based on our field data and microbial community data, a schematic diagram of probable leading pathways was made in the studied digester. Results: At first, the community variety in the bulk sludge and richness were enhanced followed by loading increasing. Meanwhile, the loading change enhanced the community richness and variety of the sludge. By comparing the rank-abundance distributions, a shallow gradient would show high evenness since the abundances of diverse species are alike. The results showed all the communities were extremely diverse and 15 phyla were distinguished in the sludge sample. The dominant phyla of the community were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and quantity of the two phyla were 21% and 11%, respectively. Anaerobaculum, Acinetobacter, Syntrophomonas, and Coprothermobacter were the chief genera for the microbial communities and the sum of four genera were 7%, 3%, 3%, and 2%, respectively. Conclusion: It was shown that syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacterias (SAOBs) metabolized acetate through hydrogen trophic methanogenesis in the digester. Generally, the findings may be useful to help the wastewater operators to utilize an effective method that able to treat waste sludge plus methane production, simultaneously. Microbial Community, Methane Production Pathway, Biogas, Anaerobic Digester. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-263-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-263-en.pdf