Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 2 2020 6 1 Microplastics Pollution in the Aquatic Environment: Problems and Challenges 980 981 EN Maryam Dolatabadi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran dolatabadimaryam222@gmail.com N 0000-0003-3872-0241 Saeid Ahmadzadeh Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. chem_ahmadzadeh@yahoo.com Y 0000-0001-8574-9448 10.18502/jehsd.v5i2.3383 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-222-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-222-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 2 2020 6 1 Air Pollution and its Effects on Autoimmune Diseases 982 984 EN Salimeh Rezaeinia Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. srezaiinia1369@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-2659-2580 Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ebrahimi20007@gmail.com N 0000-0001-8542-5291 10.18502/jehsd.v5i2.3384 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-226-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-226-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 2 2020 6 1 Spatial Distribution of Bedbug Infestation in Infested Houses: Is There an Association between Sanitation of Houses and Bedbug Presence? 985 992 EN Ismaeil Alizadeh Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ismaeil.alizadeh@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-6066-0148 Elham Jahanifard Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. jahanifard-e@ajums.ac.ir N 0000-0003-1078-4016 Mona Sharififard Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. monasharififard7@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-7598-0910 Amal Saki-Malehi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. amalsaki@gmail.com N 0000-0002-0952-5861 10.18502/jehsd.v5i2.3385 Introduction: Nowadays, bedbug infestation is one of the public health problems around the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of bedbug in different parts of the infested houses. Moreover, the association between house sanitation and presence of bedbug infestation was determined in infested houses in Ahvaz City, Iran. Materials and Methods: Totally, 57 bedbug-infested houses were visited door-to-door in Ahvaz City from April 2015 to April 2018. Data were collected by visual inspection. The spatial distribution of bedbug in different parts of the infested houses was assessed visually. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association between bedbug presence and house sanitation level. Results: In the 57 infested houses, bedroom and living room were the main infested parts in 74% and 26% of the houses, respectively. The highest infestation sources in houses were bedding as well as cracks and crevices with frequency rates of 58% and 18%, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between house sanitation and presence of infestation (χ2 = 3.5; df = 4; P = 0.522). In total, 56% of the residents reported high levels of bedbug infestation in their houses. Furthermore, 46% of the participants mentioned that their houses had recently been infested, but many residents did not know the exact time of first infestation in the house. Conclusion: The present study confirms that bedbugs' infestations cannot be associated with house sanitation. Further research is needed to better understand the association between house situation and bedbug infestations. Bedbugs, Sanitation, Ahvaz City. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-234-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-234-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 2 2020 6 1 Heavy Metal Concentration of Wheat Cultured in Golestan Province, Iran and Its Health Risk Assessment 993 1000 EN Mahdi Sadeghi Food, Drug, Natural Products Health Research Centre, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran. dr-sadeghi@goums.ac.ir Y 0000-0001-9095-5449 Mina Noroozi Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. mina_noroozi67@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-1819-0979 Fatemeh Kargar Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. baharek98@gmail.com N 0000-0003-3967-0899 Zahra Mehrbakhsh Department of Biostaticstics, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. mehrbakhsh.zahra@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-8937-644X 10.18502/jehsd.v5i2.3386 Introduction: Exposure of grain products in polluted soil lead to adverse effects on human health. In this study, concentrations of HM (As-Cr-Hg) were analyzed in wheat grain cultured in Gonbad-e-Kavus City, Golestan province, Iran. Furthermore, its potential health risk was evaluated among residents. Materials and Methods: The sampling sites were located in arable lands. After separating the wheat grains and cleaning them, the seeds were collected in plastic bags for analysis by ICP/MS method. Digestion of samples was performed with Multi wave PRO microwave apparatus. Results: The mean concentrations of Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg), and Nickel in wheat seeds were 0.186 ± 0.08, 0.9 ± 0.07, 0.021 ± 0.019, and 0.5 ± 0.17, respectively. The results showed that concentrations of HM in wheat were as follow: Cr > Ni > As > Hg. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) was significantly different among various HMs. The largest HQ was related to As ranging from 0.33 to 13.3. The lowest HQ was attributed to Cr, which may be related to its high RfD = 1.5 mg kg−1. Conclusion: Different HMs varied largely in terms of their HQ. Regarding the exposed people, As and Hg had the highest contributions to the aggregate risks of HMs, while Cr had the lowest contribution. Although the findings showed low environmental concentrations of the studied elements and implied no danger to human health, it should be considered that many non-cancerous conditions weaken the immune system and prone the human beings to cancerous diseases. Heavy Metals, Hazard Quotient,Health Risk,Wheat Grain,Gonbad-e-Kavus City. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 2 2020 6 1 Implementing the Strategic Environmental Management Approach to Dams and Hydroelectric Power Plants for Optimizing Environmental Pollution Control Processes in the Utilizing Phase Using NEURO SOLUTIONS Software (Case study: The Dams of Siah Bisheh in Mazandaran) 1001 1009 EN Bizhan Maghsoudlou Kamali Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University, Meybod Branch, Meybod, Iran. N 0000-0002-7641-0108 Reza Jafari Nodoushan Occupational Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. jafarinodoushan@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-4797-0931 Vida Sadat Anoosheh Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0001-8568-7355 10.18502/jehsd.v5i2.3387 Introduction: The purpose of the present applied research is to design a comprehensive, inclusive and flexible process for a suitable strategic planning based on effective factors and parameters. Materials and Methods: To this end, strategic operational programs for controlling environmental pollutants were identified using the logic and algorithm applied in the artificial neural network model and Neuro Solutions software, prioritizing the weight of the programs and predicting the probable future ecosystem conditions. The Delphi approach was used to screen and perform pairwise comparisons of criteria factors, sub-criteria and strategic action plans. The SWOT matrix technique was implemented to control environmental pollutants. Then, in the fuzzy neural network, Neuro Solutions software was used to prioritize weighting and predicting future probable conditions to form the matrices of decision as entrance ANN model was used. Results: The output of the implementation of the Neuro Solutions software shows that the strategic action plan has developed a comprehensive and integrated landscape system consistent with the nature of the forest, mountain and valley of the Siah Bisheh with a score of weighing 0.6161 in the first priority and last priority (12th rank) which are subject to periodic audits. The environment has been allocated to increase the ecosystem's ability to return in the face of natural and human hazards with an odd weight of 0.5673. Conclusion: Based on this fact, among the studied indices, economic, social and cultural factors ranked first among the criteria studied, and tourism ranked first among the sub criteria of the study. Strategic Approach,Hydroelectric Power Plants, Environmental Pollution Control, Neuro Solutions. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-204-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-204-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 2 2020 6 1 A Comparative Study on Mineral Contents of Soybean by Two Methods of Digestion Using ICP-OES Technique: A Risk Assessment Study 1010 1015 EN Narjes Khalili Community Medicine Specialist, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. narjes.1357@yahoo.com Y 0000-0001-8075-7529 Fateme Akrami Mohajeri Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-8338-1464 Elaheh Askari Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. N 0000-0003-4735-4095 Seyedeh Saba Hashemi Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-8300-0713 Farkhondeh Banihashemi Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-3042-9786 Samira Sarrami Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-4043-2997 Fatemeh Pourramezani Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-9682-3962 Elham Khalili Sadrabad Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran. khalili.elham@gmail.com N 0000-0001-5309-3333 10.18502/jehsd.v5i2.3388 Introduction: In recent years, the contamination of food with heavy metals has received much attention. Plants can absorb metal pollutants through contaminated water, soil, and air. Materials and Methods: In the current study, accumulation of minerals in three types of soybeans was investigated by wet and dry digestion methods using ICP-OES technique. Thereafter, the metals' health risk was assessed by estimated daily intake, toxic hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) values. Results: According to the results, the concentrations of Cr, Se, Ca, Fe, Mo, Mn, and Mg in soybean seeds were 0.034-170.88 mg/kg, 0.21-243.79 mg//kg, 2.50-33.37 mg/kg, 0.05-0.86 mg/kg, 0.071-203.57 mg/kg, 0-0.47 mg/kg, and 2.69-19.31 mg/kg, respectively. The ashing method had a better performance in determining Ca, Fe, Mo, Mn, and Mg concentrations than the wet digestion method. The THQ rates were below 1 for the three varieties of each mineral element, but the HI values of variety 2 and variety 3 were higher than 1 in both methods. Conclusion: Furthermore, continuous monitoring of the soybeans' mineral and heavy metal contents seems necessary. Soybean, Digestion Method, ICP-OES, Risk Assessment. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 2 2020 6 1 The Relationship between Ambient Temperature and Positive Cases of COVID-19; A Case Study in Abarkouh and Qeshm Cities of Iran 1016 1020 EN Reza Ali Fallahzadeh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. fallahzadeh4@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-1107-4366 Davoud Ghadirian Genetic and Environmental Adventures Research Center, School of Abarkouh Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Davood_ghadirian@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-8786-1572 Mohammad Sadegh Eshaghpanah Genetic and Environmental Adventures Research Center, School of Abarkouh Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. eshaghpanah@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-1917-1304 Marzieh Shukohifar Genetic and Environmental Adventures Research Center, School of Abarkouh Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. amar.zisti۲۰۱۴@gmail.com N 0000-0003-1246-231X Safiyeh Mozafari Department of Environmental Health, Payambar Azam Qeshm Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. safiyeh.mozafari@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-8472-2507 Ali Reza Targhibi Health Office of Qeshm, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. alirezatarghibi11@gmail.com N 0000-0003-0438-8463 Fariborz Omidi Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. omidifariborz@yahoo.com Y 0000-0002-2506-2801 10.18502/jehsd.v5i2.3389 Introduction: The prevalence of infectious diseases varies depending on the type of micro-organism involved. Viral diseases can spread rapidly among communities, due to the specific characteristics of the virus. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is a new member of the coronavirus family that has caused rapid epidemics and affected the health and economy of the countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the ambient temperature and the positive cases of COVID 19. Materials and Methods: In the present research, the relationship between the number of positive cases of COVID 19 and the ambient temperature was investigated in Abarkouh and Qeshm cities during a 49-day period. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using descriptive statistics and correlation coefficient tests. Results: The average ambient temperatures in the study period were 19.16 ± 3.45 and 25.79 ± 1.83 for Abarkouh and Qeshm cities, respectively. During this period, the positive cases in Abarkouh and Qeshm cities were 38 and 28 people, respectively. The results of correlation test revealed a negative correlation between the ambient temperature and the number of patients with COVID 19 (the correlation rates were -0.107 and -0.083 with p-values of 0.46 and 0.57 for Abarkouh and Qeshm, respectively). Conclusion: Our results revealed that increase of air temperature was negatively correlated with the number of positive cases of COVID 19. It can be concluded that atmospheric temperature affects the virus outbreak. So, the rate of virus spread is expected to  be reduced. COVID 19, Particular Matter, Communicable Disease, Environment. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-235-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-235-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 2 2020 6 1 The Effect of Training Courses on Awareness, Attitude, and Performance of Confectionery, Bakery, and Restaurant Workers in Yazd City 1021 1029 EN Jalal Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi Department of Food Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. j.sadeghizadeh@ssu.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-6188-3535 Zohreh Rahaei Department of Health Education, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. z_rahayy@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-5959-5390 Zahra Aalipour Department of Health Education, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-1976-2596 10.18502/jehsd.v5i2.3390 Introduction: Health organizations are required to raise people’s awareness about foodborne diseases and to control and prevent these diseases. Training courses held by guilds are aimed to enhance food hygiene in the society. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of training courses on the awareness, attitude, and performance of confectionery, bakery, and restaurant workers. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental research, 120 individuals in charge of preparing, distributing, and selling food in Yazd City were selected by random sampling method. The participants' awareness, attitude, and performance levels were measured before and after the training courses using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS.16 software using ANOVA statistical tests, pair t-test, Wilcoxon and Kruskal Wallis nonparametric tests. Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.95 ± 9.57 years. Following implementation of the training courses, the participants' average scores increased significantly in terms of awareness, performance, and attitude (p ˂ 0.001). Moreover, education, age, type of responsibility, as well as work experience had a significant relationship with the workers' awareness, attitude, and performance (p ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: Training courses conducted by guilds improved the awareness level of participants, especially bakery operators, enhanced attitude of participants, especially sellers, and improved hygiene performance of the operators in various fields, including food hygiene. Thus, such training courses should be conducted for each profession category and each job position separately. Every businessmen should be required to pass these courses every two years. Education, Awareness, Attitude, Food Handling, Employee Performance, Appraisal. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-233-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-233-en.pdf