Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 1 2020 3 1 Environmental Burden of Disease from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator 922 924 EN mahrokh jalili Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. mahro.jalili@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-8397-4112 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2472 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-224-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-224-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 1 2020 3 1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation: An Alternative Method for Algae Removal from Water Resources 925 927 EN Hadi Eslami Occupational Environment Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sceiences, Rafsanjan, Iran Hadieslami1986@yahoo.com Y 0000-0001-5137-4764 Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Ebrahimi20007@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-8542-5291 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2473 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 1 2020 3 1 Spatial Analysis and Geographic Factors Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Iran 928 934 EN mehdi sharafi Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. mehdisharafi_2002@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-6505-9463 zahra Poormotaseri Department of Infectious disease, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. montaserizahra89@yahoo.com Y 0000-0003-4031-199x jalal karimi Department of Infectious disease, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. jalal_tak@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-4266-3414 shahab Rezaeian Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. shahab.rezayan@gmail.com N 0000-0002-5094-5315 Seyedeh Leila Dehghani Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. dehganil@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-3740-3308 sima afrashteh Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. sima.afrashte3@gmail.com N 0000-0002-4276-2084 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2474 Introduction: This study aimed to determine the hotspot areas for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in Fasa city and assess the relations between the geographical factors with CL incidence using spatial analysis. Materials and Methods: This ecological study was conducted in Fasa city, data of the CL disease such as the total number of CL cases and the population at risk from 2009 to 2014. Weather conditions' data including the means of temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunny days, rainy days, and evaporation were collected from the weather forecast centers in Fars province. The disease cases' information such as the number of disease cases was collected from all healthcare centers located in Fasa City. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Global Moran’s Index (GMI) were used to assess the associations of the various environmental variables with CL incidence and to map clustering of CL cases across the region. Results: The cumulative incidence of CL was 16 per 10,000 populations during a six-year period. The results showed the southern area of Fasa as a hotspot area which is considered as hyperendemic foci for CL. OLS revealed a high incidence of CL in areas with maximum temperature, mean of temperature, mean of evaporation, sunny days and wind velocity. Conclusion: A spatial disease pattern was found in the present study. Hence, substantial consideration to environmental data leads to not only suitable protection against CL but also designing a suitable measure for the prevention and control of the disease. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Spatial Analysis, Ecologic Study, Fasa City. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 1 2020 3 1 Evaluation of Health Indicators and the Quality of Used Frying Oils in Fast Food Restaurants of Mashhad in 2018 935 947 EN Zohreh Rahnama Bargard Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. rahnama.b.z@gmail.com N 0000-0003-0681-5131 Hossien Alidadi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Alidadih@mums.ac.ir N 0000-0003-2254-495X Monavvar Afzal Aghaee Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Afzalaghaeem1@mums.ac.ir N 0000-0003-2029-6577 Mahnaz Kharghani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, No.3 Health Center, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. M.kharghani.21@gmail.com N 0000-0002-1671-6391 Mahsa Mahjoubizadeh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Samen Health Center, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Mahsa_mahjoubizadeh@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-8003-083X Fatemeh Kariminejad Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Kariminezhad136618@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-8684-4970 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2475 Introduction: Recently, changes in people's lifestyles and new eating habits have diminished the importance of main dishes and have led to increasing the consumption of fast foods. Therefore, paying close attention to the health conditions and safety of the food provided in these centers can dramatically reduce the incidence of various diseases. The present study examines the environmental health status and the quality of used frying oils (the most important health assessment indicators of fast food restaurants) in the fast food shops and restaurants of the metropolis of Mashhad in the areas adjacent to the holy shrine which has the highest number of pilgrims and tourists. Materials and Methods: A total number of 120 of fast food shops were selected by quota sampling method and were sampled during peak working times. The environmental health status of these centers was evaluated based on food, drink, cosmetics, and health material regulation. Demographic data of personnel, area and antiquity, type, duration and frequency of using oil, the temperature, TPM, and FFA were also measured. Results: According to the results; 32.5% of the subjects were in hygienic status, and 67.5% of the subjects were in sanitary status. Palm oil was the most widely used oil type. TPM and FFA indices were in the unfavorable condition in 49 samples (40.8%) and 75 samples (62.5%), respectively. There was a significant relationship between temperature, the period of using oil and TPM, and FFA indices. Conclusion: According to the high volume of customers, quality and health assurance of food is of utmost importance. Therefore, the importance of renovating the buildings, training the operators and staff, continuous monitoring, and applying severe legal measures can be the most important corrective actions. Fast Foods, Polar Materials, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Health Status Indicators. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-210-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-210-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 1 2020 3 1 An Adenosine Triphosphate Bioluminescence Method for Evaluating the Microbial Contamination of the Salad-Preparing Tables and Salad-Serving Dishes in Restaurants of Mashhad City, Iran 948 954 EN Monavvar Afzal Aghaee Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. rahil_0m0@yahoo.com N 0000-0001-5928-5213 Zohreh Rahnama Bargard Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. rahnama.b.z@ gmail.com N 0000-0003-0681-5131 Mohammad Reza Nezakati Olfati Environmental Health Expert of Mashhad Health Center No. 5, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. mnezkati@gmail.com N 0000-0001-5445-505X Rajab Ali Ahooey Environmental Health Expert of Mashhad Health Center No. 5, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Ahooryra1@mums.ac.ir N 0000-0001-5183-4740 Samaneh Gohari Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. samanehgohari@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-9106-4290 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2476 Introduction: Consumption of vegetable products is increasing commonly in the world because they are recognized as an important source of nutrients, vitamins, and fiber for humans. Salads are among the most widely used foods that are also known as the most contaminated foods in restaurants. This study was conducted to determine the microbial contamination of salad-preparing tables and salad-serving dishes. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at 39 restaurants in Mashhad City in Iran during 2017. In this regard, 78 samples were determined from the salad preparing tables and serving dishes. Samples were tested for cleanliness status using Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)-bioluminescence method as a rapid test.  Results: According to the ATP bioluminescence device, 43.6% of the assessed dishes were clean, 38.5 % were dirty, and 17.9 % were not adequately clean. According to the results of ATP bioluminescence device for tables, 23.1 % of the tested tables passed the test, 15.4 % were classified in the caution status, and 61.5% failed. Conclusion: The ATP method has been widely used, especially in the food industry, as a rapid method for measuring general levels of cleanliness. However, this method is not a reliable replacement for measuring the microbial contamination. The ATP bioluminescence should not be used as a substitute for quantitation of microbial load. Adenosine Triphosphate, Food Contamination, Food Microbiology, Mashhad City. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-209-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-209-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 1 2020 3 1 Relationship between Religious Attitudes and Water Conservation Tendency in High School Students 955 961 EN Ameneh Marzban Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-8111-3319 Abozar Ansari Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-5622-7365 Seyed Yahya Rafiee Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-2562-5918 Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Ebrahimi20007@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-8542-5291 Maryam Dolatabadi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0003-3872-0241 Abbas Beykzavieh Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Taft, Iran. N 0000-0003-3757-9805 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2477 Introduction: Nowadays, water has turned into one of the biggest challenges of the current century, which can be the origin of numerous positive and negative changes across the world. Iran is one of the driest countries with a quarter of the average annual precipitation on a global scale. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between religious attitudes and tendency towards conserving water in high school students in Zarrin Dasht city, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017. To this end, 800 individuals (400 females and 400 males) were selected using random sampling method by taking into account the proportion of students in each school. To collect the data, two questionnaires of the water conservation tendency inventory containing 12 items and religious attitude questionnaire with 60 items were employed. Then, data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 24) and by running the Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, as well as descriptive statistics (P = 0.05). Results: The mean scores of religious attitudes and tendency towards conserving water among the participants were equal to 36.18 and 175.83, respectively. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between the students’ religious attitudes, their demographic variables of age and gender, tendency to conserve water, and number of family members (p ˂ 0.05). Moreover, the correlation between religious attitudes and tendency towards saving water was also statistically significant (p ˂ 0.05, r = 0.81). Conclusion: Considering religious attitudes and tendency towards conserving water, religious and moral inputs should be reinforced related to water-saving in students. This can extend their attitudes towards optimal water consumption within the society. Religious Attitude, Water Conservation, Students, Zarrin Dasht City. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-202-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-202-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 1 2020 3 1 Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Caspian Seawater and the Role of Physicochemical Factors on Microbial Load 962 970 EN Ali Shahryari Environmental Health Research Centre, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. Dr.shahryari@goums.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-5495-7372 Hassan Safari Environmental Health Research Centre, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. mohandes_safari47@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-4541-6478 Bagher pahlavanzade Ph.D. in Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran db.pahlavan@gmail.com N 0000-0002-4876-1058 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2478 Introduction: Analyzing the health risk associated with the microbial contamination of seawater is necessary to ensure that there is not any threat to human or environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of Caspian sea water using indicator bacteria. Some Physicochemical parameters were studied to assed their association with the contamination level of Caspian sea water due to the important role in the growth organisms in the seawater. Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 samples were collected from the northeastern zone of the Caspian sea, Iran, from November 2017 to December 2018. Total coliform, Fecal coliform, E.coli, Fecal Streptococcus and Clostridium perfringens were the indicator bacteria and temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, chloride and turbidity were water physicochemical factors according to standard methods. Results: The finding showed that the mean of Total coliform, Fecal coliform, E.coli, Fecal Streptococcus, and Clostridium perfringens were 614.72 ± 516.13, 62.11 ± 235.30, 49.69 ± 188.24, 348.02 ± 490.01 and 3.04 ± 5.76 MPN/100 ml, respectively. Furthermore, the mean and SD of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, and turbidity were 13.84 oC ± 5.62, 8.27 ± 0.45, 17.96 ± 6.56 µs/cm, 5776.95 ± 1996.38 mg/l and 27.48 ± 15.82 NTU, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that microbial qualities were affected significantly by physicochemical factors, but the roles of water temperature were more than others. Conclusion: The microbiological results revealed that there was a remarkable level of contamination in some areas of Caspian sea. The results suggested that Clostridium perfringens provide better health risk prediction than other analyzed indicator bacteria, particularly in the warm season. Water Microbiology, Caspian Sea, Water Pollution, Seawater. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-212-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-212-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 5 1 2020 3 1 Relationship of Air Pollution and Daily Hospital Admissions Due to Respiratory Disease: A Time Series Analysis 971 980 EN Mahrokh Jalili Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0003-1225-1258 Faeze Mazidi Department of Operating Room, Paramedical School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0001-5872-1546 Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoosh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-0388-3211 Ahmad Badeenezhad Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. N 0000-0002-3652-5509 Vahid Ebrahimi Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. N 000-00024203-3957 Fariba Abbasi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. Y 0000-0001-9575-7855 10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2479 Introduction: Air pollutants and respiratory diseases have a significant relationship and cause major health problems. Low attention has been paid to the daily hospital admissions due to the presence of pollutants in desert cities such as Yazd city, Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the short-term relationship between air pollution and daily hospital admissions due to respiratory disease in Yazd hospitals. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated pollutants including PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3 recorded daily in Yazd air pollution monitoring station. Moreover, the daily hospital admissions (sample size =180) of the pulmonary patients were collected from government hospitals from March to September 2017.  Results: The results showed that PM10 concentrations were higher than the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization standards. Furthermore, only 7.6% of the patients' diseases were attributed to air pollution. The highest correlation (R = 0.595 and P = 0.002) was observed between daily hospital admissions and NO2 concentration. However, after age adjustment in regression analysis, this relationship was also significant for O3. The behavior and variations of pollutants were interpreted by time series using auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) (1,1). The results showed that the best correlation was found between pollutants and admission of the patients at lag = 48 hr.  Conclusion: The daily admission of patients to hospital due to pulmonary disease was highly related to NO2 and O3. However, the correlation of admission with CO, PM10, and SO2 was not significant, because NO2 and O3 are oxidation factors and stimulate the respiratory system. Respiratory Disease, Air Pollution, Yazd City, Particular Matter, Time-Series Analysis. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.pdf