Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 4 4 2019 12 1 Airborne Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria: Hospital Indoor Air Pollution and the Challenge of Nosocomial Infection 859 861 EN Reza Fouladi Fard Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. rfouladi@muq.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-7407-645X Rahim Aali Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. aali1400@gmail.com N 0000-0001-9387-9867 10.18502/jehsd.v4i4.2017 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 4 4 2019 12 1 Electro-Oxidation as an Effective Process for Removing Antibiotics and Persistent Organic Compounds Resistant to Biodegradation 862 865 EN Reza Ali Fallahzadeh Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0003-1107-4366 Fariborz Omidi Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. omidifariborz@yahoo.com Y 0000-0002-2506-2801 10.18502/jehsd.v4i4.2018 http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 4 4 2019 12 1 Using Life Cycle Assessment Method for Selecting Optimal Waste Management System in Tehran City 866 878 EN Fahimeh Rahimi Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Y 0000-0001-7429-0408 Farideh Atabi Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. far-atabi@jamejam.net N 0000-0001-9206-1967 Jafar Nouri Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. N 0000-0002-9982-3546 Ghasem Ali Omrani Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. N 0000-0002-3912-2959 10.18502/jehsd.v4i4.2019 Introduction: In Tehran with a population of 9 million currently, about 2.5 million tons municipal solid waste have been producing annually. Materials and Models: In this study by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model an optimal system of waste management of Tehran was recommended. Based on the quantity and quality of waste in Tehran in 2013 and facilities, three scenarios were selected. First, current status (15% compost, 5% recycling and 80% landfill), second, the maximum use of the capabilities of waste of Tehran (70% compost, 20% recycled and 10% landfill ) and third, the optimal scenario according to conditions of Tehran (55% compost, 10% recycling, 5% energy recovery and 30% landfill). The IWM model and WRATE model was used for Phase II and Phase III, respectively. Results: Results of the conducting second Phase showed in compared to the first scenario by the second and third scenario, the amount of emissions was decreased 64% and 72%, respectively. The third phase results showed the third scenario has the lowest environmental impact in chosen six impact groups. Conclusion: Considering the quality and quantity of wastes in Tehran and also the current facilities, conducting the third scenario could be useful for reducing emissions, the external costs and environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment, Waste Management, Greenhouse Gas, Environmental Impact, Landfill. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-189-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-189-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 4 4 2019 12 1 The Monitoring of Fungal Contamination in Indoor Air of Two Hospitals in Shiraz 879 884 EN Fariba Abbasi Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. N 0000-0001-9575-7855 Mahrokh Jalili Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-8397-4112 Mohammad Reza Samaei Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. Mrsamaei@sums.ac.ir Y 0000-0003-3499-2899 Ali Mohammad Mokhtari Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. N Elahe Azizi Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. N 0000-0002-6801-8376 10.18502/jehsd.v4i4.2020 Introduction: Hospitals, as one of the important elements in the health system, play an important role in patient’s health. Fungi are one of the effective parameters on indoor air quality. This study aimed to compare of fungal contamination of two hospitals in Shiraz City. Materials and Methods: Sampling was conducted based on NIOSH 0800 standard (1.5 meters above the ground level with one stage Anderson and Sabaroud dextrose agar enriched chloramphenicol as the growth media) in January-September 2017. The investigated wards included pathological laboratory, emergency rooms, neonatal specialist care, radiology, operating room, and maternity ward. The results showed that the variation and concentration of fungi were higher in hospital X than hospital Y, which was located in an agricultural area far from the city center. Results: The predominant fungi were Monillia, Aspergillus, and Penicillium in hospital Y, while they were Aspergillus and Penicillium in hospital X. The highest concentrations were found in emergency and laboratory wards. With regard to higher fungal contamination of hospital X and its different location, it can be concluded that the geographical properties and outdoor air are effective factors on indoor air contamination at hospitals.   Conclusion: Appropriate management of patients' admission and visiting time can be effective on indoor air contamination at hospitals. Furthermore, efficient ventilation using high-efficiency particulate air and appropriate devices for elimination of fungi level are recommended to this end. Moreover, these parameters can provide physical and psychometric health problems for patients’ careers and other health workers. Fungi, Hospital,Shiraz,Indoor Air. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-214-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-214-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 4 4 2019 12 1 Sustainability Impact Assessment of Waste to Energy Technologies in Iran 885 894 EN Fahimeh Teimouri Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0001-9097-6493 Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Ebrahimi20007@gmail.com N 0000-0001-8542-5291 Mahrokh Jalili Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Y 0000-0003-4507-9472 Hamid Reza Alaghehbandan Isfahan Scientific and Research Park, Isfahan, Iran. N 10.18502/jehsd.v4i4.2021 Introduction: Current energy sources are coming to end and one of the main priorities of the country’s management is the energy recovery from renewable energy. Considerable quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most serious urban pollution sources. Impact assessment matrix is a new and fast tool for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Materials and Methods: In this regard, renewable energy like waste-to-energy was investigated. Environmental assessment method was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of common Waste to Energy (WTE) technologies by Wooten and Rau matrix. Most available WTE technologies (anaerobic digestion, sanitary landfill with gas recovery, waste incineration, and gasification) were environmentally assessed and compared. Results: Results showed that anaerobic digestion could be most environmental friendly WTE technology for production of renewable energy from organic waste and could be considered. Furthermore, executives as green minded managements can improve the quality of waste management by finding new solutions. Other technologies such as landfill by gas recovery and gasification will be ranked second and third in terms of environmental effect. Conclusion: Results showed that performing anaerobic digestion technology will produce less environmental impact in long term. Then landfilling by gas recovery and gasification technologies will be ranked second and third in terms of environmental effect. Environmental Impact Assessment, Municipal Solid Waste, Waste to Energy (WTE), Leopold Matrix. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-177-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-177-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 4 4 2019 12 1 Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Listeria Monocytogenes in Chicken Meat Retailers in Yazd, Iran 895 902 EN Meysam Soleimani Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-8020-6003 Elham Khalili Sadrabad Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0001-5309-3333 Negar Hamidian Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-5331-5896 Ali Heydari Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0002-2333-9539 Fateme Akrami Mohajeri Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Fateme.akrami@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-8338-1464 10.18502/jehsd.v4i4.2022 Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen bacteria transmitted by food stuffs. Due to the lack of information about contamination of retail chicken meat to Listeria monocytogenes in Iran, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of this bacterium in retail chicken meat in Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January 2018 to June 2018 on 811 randomly selected samples from four districts located in Yazd city, Iran. Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes was performed using enrichment and selective culture media as well as biochemical tests. The positive samples were confirmed by PCR assay. Results: In total, 247 samples (30.5%) were infected with at least one of the Listeria spp. Among the 247 samples, the isolates were 68 (27%) L. monocytogenes, 155 (63%) L. innocua, 5 (2%) L. seeligeri, 19 (8%) L. ivanovii. In current study, the antibiotic resistance of positive samples was also evaluated that especially Listeria monocytogenes were resistant to tetracycline and penicillin. Conclusions: The presence of this pathogenic microorganism in chicken meat can be a health risk, especially for pregnant women, the elderly, and those with immune deficiency. Considering the amount of contamination with L. monocytogenes in chicken and the high mortality rate caused by it, monitoring of the health principles and standards during the production, transportation, and storage as well as training of employees in this industry are necessary. Listeria Monocytogenes, Chicken Meat, PCR. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 4 4 2019 12 1 Qualitative Analysis of Groundwater Quality Indicators Based on Schuler and Wilcox Diagrams: IDW and Kriging Models 903 912 EN Seyed Ali Almodaresi Department of GIS & RS, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Almodaresi@iauyazd.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-4285-1941 Mohsen Mohammadrezaei Department of GIS & RS, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. N 0000-0001-6353-4593 Maryam Dolatabadi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. dolatabadimaryam222@gmail.com N 0000-0003-3872-0241 Mohammad Reza Nateghi Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. MohammadrezaNateghi@gmail.com N 0000-0002-6947-3012 10.18502/jehsd.v4i4.2023 Introduction: It is generally accepted that groundwater is one of the most vital sources of water for drinking use in cities and rural areas. The water drawn from these sources should be sanitary, have low soluble substances, and be free of any pathogens and microorganisms. Materials and Methods: In this study, 90 wells were sampled with proper dispersion over the study area to achieve suitable estimation accuracy. Results: The assessments made based on 10-year averages of water quality in the studied plain showed that according to the Schuler and Wilcox criteria of water quality for drinking and agricultural use, the northern and southern parts of the plain have unsuitable water quality compared to central parts. Interpolation RMSE value of the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) model for SO4-, TDS, TH, Mg2+, Cl-, Ca2+ and HCO3- were 8.46, 2615, 246, 6.8, 38.9, 8.3 1.16 also 8.4, 2628, 750.9, 7.0, 39.8, 8.1, 8.1 (mg L-1) for Kriging, respectively. Conclusion: The cause of low groundwater quality in northern regions is the high rate of SO4-, TH, Cl-, and TDS, which are of the most important determinants of water quality for drinking. The examination of samples in the assessment of water quality for agricultural use clearly showed a higher value of EC compared to SAR. Qualitative Analysis of Groundwater Quality Indicators http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-190-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-190-en.pdf

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development 2476-6267 2476-7433 4 4 2019 12 1 The Relationship between Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence and Density of Radon Gas in the Environment (Review) 913 921 EN Monire Fallah Yakhdani Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. sokut2030@gmail.com N 0000-0002-0682-2799 Zeynab Abaszade Fathabadi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. z.abaszade.1372@gmail.com N 0000-0002-1112-520X Reza Fouladi Fard Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. rezafd@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-7407-645X Amin Salehi-Abargouei Nutrition of food security research center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. abargouei@gmail.com N 0000-0002-7580-6717 Ali Asghar Ebrahimi Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ebrahimi20007@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-8542-5291 10.18502/jehsd.v4i4.2024 Introduction : Radon (Rn)  is a chemically inert gas with no odor, color, and taste. It is created from the decay of uranium in the soil and can penetrate the building through the interiors. As a result, Rn can enter the human body with the release of alpha radiation along with airborne dust and cause chronic illnesses such as lung cancer and multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis disease, as a complex multifactor disease, is the most common widespread neurotic disorder among the young people. The purpose of this study was to collect and review the past studies published in this field since 1996. Materials and Methods: In this review, the related articles were searched and studied using key words such as "Radon, Action, Thoron, MS, MS Disseminated, and Sclerosis" using the PRISMA statement. Results: After reviewing the studies, several effective factors in the prevalence of MS were identified. Some of these factors were a result of the exposure to high levels of radon gas. Penetrations from the building cracks of floor, soil bed, and dwelling materials as well as the water resources are among the most important sources of Rn. Conclusion: According to the results, the amount of Rn and it’s daughters in the environment are recognized as the risk factors for the MS prevalence. Radon Gas, Alpha Radiation, Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin, Environmental Pollutant. http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-164-en.html http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-164-en.pdf