Volume 3, Issue 3 (September 2018)
J Environ Health Sustain Dev 2018, 3(3): 554-556 |
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Dolatabadi M, Ahmadzadeh S. Phthalates as Emerging Pollutants in Water Environment: Control & Treatment Strategies
. J Environ Health Sustain Dev 2018; 3 (3) :554-556
URL: http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-132-en.html
URL: http://jehsd.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-132-en.html
Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Phthalates as Emerging Pollutants in Water Environment:
Control & Treatment Strategies
Maryam Dolatabadi 1*, Saeid Ahmadzadeh 2
1 Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Control & Treatment Strategies
Maryam Dolatabadi 1*, Saeid Ahmadzadeh 2
1 Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| A R T I C L E I N F O | ||
| LETTER TO EDITOR | *Corresponding Author: Maryam Dolatabadi Email: Health.dolatabadi@gmail.com Tel: +98931965314 |
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| Article History: Received: 12 June 2018 Accepted: 10 August 2018 |
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Citation: Dolatabadi M, Ahmadzadeh S. Phthalates as Emerging Pollutants in Water Environment: Control & Treatment Strategies. J Environ Health Sustain Dev. 2018; 3(3): 554-6.
Emerging pollutants (EPs) refer compounds that have not previously have been detected in water or sewage or their concentrations aren’t detectable. Nonetheless, today they are detected in water and sewage. The EPs include pharmaceuticals compounds such as antibiotics and hormone, plasticizers such as phthalates, surfactants, some herbicides, and flame retardants worldwide 1, 2. Developing in industry, agriculture, and medicine, as well as increasing human needs for survival, has increased production and consumption of these materials. The excessive use of these compounds has led to the release of these pollutants into the drinking water and aquatic ecosystems 3. An important class of emerging pollutants is phthalates. Phthalates extensively used in plastic industries for increased flexibility for quality products, also they used to cosmetics, shampoo, soap, toys, and etc. Approximately 60 types of phthalates are produced in the universe. Phthalate diethylhexyl (PDE), phthalate dibutyl (PDB), and phthalate dimethyl (PDM) are the most important compounds that are used in industries. 4, 5. Since most phthalate compounds have hydrophobic interaction, low solubility properties, and also chemical reactions phthalate are very weak with other components, therefore they are easily released into the aqueous environment. Phthalates have been detected in the air, soil, surface water, and groundwater. It was reported the maximum amount of Phthalates are in the range of ng to µg per liter, and ng.g-1 in the water, and sediments, respectively 6, 7.Although phthalates have the low range of concentrations in the environment, they have hazardous effects on animal and human health. Furthermore, some phthalate compounds can cause adverse effects in particular on the gastrointestinal tract, circulation system, respiratory system, genital system, kidney and urinary tract. Therefore, great attempts have been made lately for phthalates efficient
Emerging pollutants (EPs) refer compounds that have not previously have been detected in water or sewage or their concentrations aren’t detectable. Nonetheless, today they are detected in water and sewage. The EPs include pharmaceuticals compounds such as antibiotics and hormone, plasticizers such as phthalates, surfactants, some herbicides, and flame retardants worldwide 1, 2. Developing in industry, agriculture, and medicine, as well as increasing human needs for survival, has increased production and consumption of these materials. The excessive use of these compounds has led to the release of these pollutants into the drinking water and aquatic ecosystems 3. An important class of emerging pollutants is phthalates. Phthalates extensively used in plastic industries for increased flexibility for quality products, also they used to cosmetics, shampoo, soap, toys, and etc. Approximately 60 types of phthalates are produced in the universe. Phthalate diethylhexyl (PDE), phthalate dibutyl (PDB), and phthalate dimethyl (PDM) are the most important compounds that are used in industries. 4, 5. Since most phthalate compounds have hydrophobic interaction, low solubility properties, and also chemical reactions phthalate are very weak with other components, therefore they are easily released into the aqueous environment. Phthalates have been detected in the air, soil, surface water, and groundwater. It was reported the maximum amount of Phthalates are in the range of ng to µg per liter, and ng.g-1 in the water, and sediments, respectively 6, 7.Although phthalates have the low range of concentrations in the environment, they have hazardous effects on animal and human health. Furthermore, some phthalate compounds can cause adverse effects in particular on the gastrointestinal tract, circulation system, respiratory system, genital system, kidney and urinary tract. Therefore, great attempts have been made lately for phthalates efficient
removal from the wastewater before discharging them within the environment. So far, low comprehensive studies have been conducted for determination and removal of phthalates from the aqueous environment, including adsorption by graphene oxide 8, Activated sludge use extended aeration 9, 10, chlorination 11,12 have been used to removal of phthalates.Each of the water treatment processes has a number of disadvantages, including operating and maintenance cost, inefficiency, long reaction time, sludge production, and the need to manage sludge production 13. The most important problem with the above processes is to transfer pollutants from one phase to another phase without degradation or decomposition of contaminants. Today, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have received considerable attention to decompose toxic and non-degradable pollutants which can produce radical hydroxyl (•OH) under conditions of ambient pressure and temperature conditions 1, 14. After radical fluorine, which is the strongest oxidant agent, Radical hydroxyl (•OH) is ranked second. •OH attacked the organic compounds in the liquid phase and degraded it and finally converted organic compounds into mineralization, decomposition, degradation and harmless forms such as CO2 and H2O. Some of the processes that produce hydroxyl radicals including catalysts 15, 16. UV/H2O2 17, O3 18, UV/O3 19, Fenton 20, Electro Fenton 21, ultrasonic waves 21, 22, and combination oxidation process are the most common class of AOPs. Advanced oxidation processes can be used as an effective technique to remove phthalates and other EPs. In addition to a treatment process that reduces and eliminate pollutants, appropriate use of products and replacing these materials with those that are environmentally friendly can be an approach to prevent the release of these ECs to the environment.
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon this work, for commercial use.
References
1. Ahmadzadeh S, Dolatabadi M. Removal of acetaminophen from hospital wastewater using electro-Fenton process. Environ Earth Sci. 2018; 77(2): 53-64.
2. Deblonde T, Cossu-Leguille C, Hartemann P. Emerging pollutants in wastewater: a review of the literature. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011; 214(6): 442-8.
3. Gavrilescu M, Demnerová K, Aamand J, et al. Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation. New Biotechnology. 2015; 32(1): 147-56.
4. Bodzek M, Dudziak M, Luks-Betlej K. Application of membrane techniques to water purification. Removal of phthalates. Desalination. 2004; 162(1): 121-8.
5. Tamamushi K, Wilson DJ. Removal of refractory organics by aeration. VI. Solvent sublation of alkyl phthalates. Sep Purif Technol. 1984; 19(14): 1013-23.
6. Dargnat C, Teil M-J, Chevreuil M, Blanchard M. Phthalate removal throughout wastewater treatment plant: case study of Marne Aval station (France). Sci Total Environ. 2009; 407(4): 1235-44.
7. Mohan SV, Shailaja S, Krishna MR, et al. Adsorptive removal of phthalate ester (Di-ethyl phthalate) from aqueous phase by activated carbon: A kinetic study. J Hazard Mater. 2007; 146(1-2): 278-82.
8. Adhoum N, Monser L. Removal of phthalate on modified activated carbon: application to the treatment of industrial wastewater. Sep Purif Technol. 2004; 38(3): 233-9.
9. Chen CY, Wu PS, Chung YC. Coupled biological and photo-Fenton pretreatment system for the removal of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from water. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2009; 100(19): 4531-4.
10. Roslev P, Vorkamp K, Aarup J, et al. Degradation of phthalate esters in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. Water Res. 2007; 41(5): 969-76.
11. Chen G, Hu H, Wu T, et al. Rapid and sensitive determination of plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate in drink by diffuse reflectance UV spectroscopy coupled with membrane filtration. Food Control. 2014; 35(1): 218-22.
12. Zhang W, Xu Z, Pan B, et al. Assessment on the removal of dimethyl phthalate from aqueous phase using a hydrophilic hyper-cross-linked polymer resin NDA-702. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2007; 311(2): 382-90.
13. Ahmadzadeh S, Dolatabadi M. In situ generation of hydroxyl radical for efficient degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solutions. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2018; 190(6): 340.
14. Ahmadzadeh S, Dolatabadi M. Modeling and kinetics study of electrochemical peroxidation process for mineralization of bisphenol A; a new paradigm for groundwater treatment. J Mol Liq. 2018; 254: 76-82.
15. Vogna D, Marotta R, Napolitano A, et al. Advanced oxidation of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac with UV/H2O2 and ozone. Water Res. 2004; 38(2): 414-22.
16. Muruganandham M, Swaminathan M. Photochemical oxidation of reactive azo dye
with UV–H2O2 process. Dyes Pigm. 2004; 62(3): 269-75.
17. Liu Yx, Zhang J. Photochemical oxidation removal of NO and SO2 from simulated flue gas of coal-fired power plants by wet scrubbing using UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2011;50(7):3836-41.
18. Calvert JG, Lindberg SE. Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere. Atmos Environ. 2005;39(18):3355-67.
19. Shu HY, Chang MC. Decolorization effects of six azo dyes by O3, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2 processes. Dyes Pigm. 2005; 65(1): 25-31.
20. Wang CT, Hu JL, Chou WL, et al. Removal of color from real dyeing wastewater by Electro-Fenton technology using a three-dimensional graphite cathode. J Hazard Mater. 2008; 152(2): 601-6.
21. Wang CT, Chou WL, Chung MH, et al. COD removal from real dyeing wastewater by electro-Fenton technology using an activated carbon fiber cathode. Desalination. 2010; 253(2): 129-34.
22. Lin SH, Chang CC. Treatment of landfill leachate by combined electro-Fenton oxidation and sequencing batch reactor method. Water Res. 2000; 34(17): 4243-9.
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon this work, for commercial use.
References
1. Ahmadzadeh S, Dolatabadi M. Removal of acetaminophen from hospital wastewater using electro-Fenton process. Environ Earth Sci. 2018; 77(2): 53-64.
2. Deblonde T, Cossu-Leguille C, Hartemann P. Emerging pollutants in wastewater: a review of the literature. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011; 214(6): 442-8.
3. Gavrilescu M, Demnerová K, Aamand J, et al. Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation. New Biotechnology. 2015; 32(1): 147-56.
4. Bodzek M, Dudziak M, Luks-Betlej K. Application of membrane techniques to water purification. Removal of phthalates. Desalination. 2004; 162(1): 121-8.
5. Tamamushi K, Wilson DJ. Removal of refractory organics by aeration. VI. Solvent sublation of alkyl phthalates. Sep Purif Technol. 1984; 19(14): 1013-23.
6. Dargnat C, Teil M-J, Chevreuil M, Blanchard M. Phthalate removal throughout wastewater treatment plant: case study of Marne Aval station (France). Sci Total Environ. 2009; 407(4): 1235-44.
7. Mohan SV, Shailaja S, Krishna MR, et al. Adsorptive removal of phthalate ester (Di-ethyl phthalate) from aqueous phase by activated carbon: A kinetic study. J Hazard Mater. 2007; 146(1-2): 278-82.
8. Adhoum N, Monser L. Removal of phthalate on modified activated carbon: application to the treatment of industrial wastewater. Sep Purif Technol. 2004; 38(3): 233-9.
9. Chen CY, Wu PS, Chung YC. Coupled biological and photo-Fenton pretreatment system for the removal of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from water. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2009; 100(19): 4531-4.
10. Roslev P, Vorkamp K, Aarup J, et al. Degradation of phthalate esters in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. Water Res. 2007; 41(5): 969-76.
11. Chen G, Hu H, Wu T, et al. Rapid and sensitive determination of plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate in drink by diffuse reflectance UV spectroscopy coupled with membrane filtration. Food Control. 2014; 35(1): 218-22.
12. Zhang W, Xu Z, Pan B, et al. Assessment on the removal of dimethyl phthalate from aqueous phase using a hydrophilic hyper-cross-linked polymer resin NDA-702. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2007; 311(2): 382-90.
13. Ahmadzadeh S, Dolatabadi M. In situ generation of hydroxyl radical for efficient degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solutions. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2018; 190(6): 340.
14. Ahmadzadeh S, Dolatabadi M. Modeling and kinetics study of electrochemical peroxidation process for mineralization of bisphenol A; a new paradigm for groundwater treatment. J Mol Liq. 2018; 254: 76-82.
15. Vogna D, Marotta R, Napolitano A, et al. Advanced oxidation of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac with UV/H2O2 and ozone. Water Res. 2004; 38(2): 414-22.
16. Muruganandham M, Swaminathan M. Photochemical oxidation of reactive azo dye
with UV–H2O2 process. Dyes Pigm. 2004; 62(3): 269-75.
17. Liu Yx, Zhang J. Photochemical oxidation removal of NO and SO2 from simulated flue gas of coal-fired power plants by wet scrubbing using UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2011;50(7):3836-41.
18. Calvert JG, Lindberg SE. Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere. Atmos Environ. 2005;39(18):3355-67.
19. Shu HY, Chang MC. Decolorization effects of six azo dyes by O3, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2 processes. Dyes Pigm. 2005; 65(1): 25-31.
20. Wang CT, Hu JL, Chou WL, et al. Removal of color from real dyeing wastewater by Electro-Fenton technology using a three-dimensional graphite cathode. J Hazard Mater. 2008; 152(2): 601-6.
21. Wang CT, Chou WL, Chung MH, et al. COD removal from real dyeing wastewater by electro-Fenton technology using an activated carbon fiber cathode. Desalination. 2010; 253(2): 129-34.
22. Lin SH, Chang CC. Treatment of landfill leachate by combined electro-Fenton oxidation and sequencing batch reactor method. Water Res. 2000; 34(17): 4243-9.
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Received: 2018/06/12 | Accepted: 2018/08/10 | Published: 2018/09/1
Received: 2018/06/12 | Accepted: 2018/08/10 | Published: 2018/09/1
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